gorffen
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Welsh[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Old Welsh guor (“over”) + phenn (“head”) (see penn). Cognate with Cornish gorfedna, Breton gourfennañ.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /ˈɡɔrfɛn/, (North Wales colloquial also) /ˈɡɔrfan/
Verb[edit]
gorffen (first-person singular present gorffennaf)
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | gorffennaf | gorffenni | gorffen, gorffenna | gorffennwn | gorffennwch | gorffennant | gorffennir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
gorffennwn | gorffennit | gorffennai | gorffennem | gorffennech | gorffennent | gorffennid | |
| preterite | gorffennais | gorffennaist | gorffennodd | gorffenasom | gorffenasoch | gorffenasant | gorffennwyd | |
| pluperfect | gorffenaswn | gorffenasit | gorffenasai | gorffenasem | gorffenasech | gorffenasent | gorffenasid, gorffenesid | |
| present subjunctive | gorffennwyf | gorffennych | gorffenno | gorffennom | gorffennoch | gorffennont | gorffenner | |
| imperative | — | gorffen, gorffenna | gorffenned | gorffennwn | gorffennwch | gorffennent | gorffenner | |
| verbal noun | gorffen | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | gorffenedig gorffenadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | gorffenna i, gorffennaf i | gorffenni di | gorffennith o/e/hi, gorffenniff e/hi | gorffennwn ni | gorffennwch chi | gorffennan nhw |
| conditional | gorffennwn i, gorffenswn i | gorffennet ti, gorffenset ti | gorffennai fo/fe/hi, gorffensai fo/fe/hi | gorffennen ni, gorffensen ni | gorffennech chi, gorffensech chi | gorffennen nhw, gorffensen nhw |
| preterite | gorffennais i, gorffennes i | gorffennaist ti, gorffennest ti | gorffennodd o/e/hi | gorffennon ni | gorffennoch chi | gorffennon nhw |
| imperative | — | gorffenna | — | — | gorffennwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Mutation[edit]
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| gorffen | orffen | ngorffen | unchanged |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
References[edit]
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “gorffen”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies