sbꜣ

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈsiːbaʀ/ → /ˈsiːbaʀ/ → /ˈsiːbə/ → /ˈsiːβ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsiːbaʀ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsiːbaʀ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsiːbə/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsiːβ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛbɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: seba

Noun

 m

1. star
   • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 13:

     wrrt.f dm.n.s ḥrt snsn.n.s sbꜣw

     His White Crown, it has pierced the sky, it has fraternized with the stars.

2. meteor, falling star
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 129–130:

     ꜥḥꜥ.n sbꜣ hꜣ.w pr.n nꜣ m ḫt m-ꜥ.f

     Then a star fell. They went up in flames because of it.

Inflection

Declension of sbꜣ (masculine)

singular	sbꜣ
dual	sbꜣwj
plural	sbꜣw

Derived terms

• pꜣ-sbꜣ-ḫꜥ-n-nwt

Descendants

• Demotic: sw
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲉⲩ (seu), ⲥⲓⲩ (siu)
  • Old Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲓⲟⲟⲩ (sioou), ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /saˈbiʀ/ → /saˈbiʀ/ → /səˈbeʔ/ → /səˈβeʔ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /saˈbiʀ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /saˈbiʀ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /səˈbeʔ/; compare the Akkadian transcription in Middle Babylonian 𒁍𒊻𒁉𒌋 (pu-us-bi-u₂ /⁠pusbiu⁠/), with definite article pꜣ attached.
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /səˈβeʔ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛbɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: seba

Noun

 m

1. gate, doorway
   • c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, line 1:

     wn n.j sbꜣw.ṯn
     snš n.j ꜥrrwyt.ṯn

     Open your doors to me!
     Unstop your gates for me!

Inflection

Declension of sbꜣ (masculine)

singular	sbꜣ
dual	sbꜣwj
plural	sbꜣw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sbꜣ  

sbꜣ	sbꜣ	sbꜣ

Descendants

• Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)
• Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲏ (sbē)
• Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)
• Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /saˈbaʀ/ → /saˈbaʀ/ → /səˈbaʔ/ → /səˈβaʔ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /saˈbaʀ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /saˈbaʀ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /səˈbaʔ/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /səˈβaʔ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛbɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: seba

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to teach

Usage notes

This verb can take two direct objects, the person taught and the thing the person is taught.

Inflection

Conjugation of sbꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: sbꜣ, geminated stem: sbꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
sbꜣ	sbꜣw, sbꜣ	sbꜣt	sbꜣ	sbꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
sbꜣ	ḥr sbꜣ	m sbꜣ	r sbꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	sbꜣ.n	sbꜣw, sbꜣ	consecutive	sbꜣ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	sbꜣt
perfective3	sbꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	sbꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	sbꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	sbꜣ	sbꜣꜣ	potentialis1	sbꜣ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	sbꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	sbꜣ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	sbꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	sbꜣ	sbꜣ, sbꜣw5, sbꜣy5
imperfective	sbꜣ, sbꜣy, sbꜣw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	sbꜣ, sbꜣj6, sbꜣy6	sbꜣ, sbꜣw5
prospective	sbꜣ, sbꜣtj7	—	sbꜣtj4, sbꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sbꜣ  

sbꜣ	sbꜣ

Derived terms

• sbꜣw

Descendants

• Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲃⲟ (sabo)
• Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲉⲃ- (seb-)
• Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲟ (sbo), ⲥⲁⲃⲟ (sabo), ⲥⲃⲱ (sbō)

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 169–170, 254, 357.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, pages 84, 123, 147
• Crum, Walter E. (1939) A Coptic Dictionary‎^[2], Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, page 368