ܟܠ

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

Root
ܟ ܠ ܠ (k l l)
4 terms

Alternative forms

• ܟܘܼܠ (kūl)

Etymology

From Aramaic כֹּל (kol), either from Proto-Semitic *kʷall- or *kull-; compare Arabic كُلّ (kull), Ge'ez ኵል (kʷəll), Akkadian 𒆕𒀀𒁉 (kalûm), Hebrew כֹּל (kol).

Pronunciation

• (standard) IPA^(key): [kul.]
• (Urmian) IPA^(key): [t͡ʃul.], [t͡ʃʊl.]

Particle

ܟܠ • (kul)

1. All; each; every. see usage notes below

   ܚܲܪܬܵܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܫܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܦܪܝܼܣ ܠܹܗ ܠܟܠ ܩܘܼܪ̈ܢܝܼܵܬܹܐ ܕܡܲܕܢܚܵܐ ܡܸܨܥܵܝܵܐ

   ḥartā liššānā āšōrāyā prīs lēh l-kul qurnīyātē d-madnḥā miṣˁāyā

   The Assyrian language then quickly spread to all corners of the Middle East.

2. (with suffix pronoun) the entire, the entirety of, the whole

   ܒܹܐ݇ܡܵܪܵܐ ܝܘܸܢ ܐܸܠܵܘܟ݂ܘܿܢ: ܟܠܹܗ ܥܲܠܡܵܐ ܓܸܫܪܵܐ ܥܝܼܩܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ، ܘܡܸܢܕܝܼ ܐܵܢܲܢܩܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܕܠܵܐ ܙܵܕܥܝܼܬܘܿܢ ܠܥܵܠܲܡ.

   bēmārā ìwen illāwḵōn: kullēh ˁalmā gišrā ˁīqā ìlēh, w-mindī ānanqāyā ìlēh d-lā zādˁītōn l-ˁālam.

   I tell you all; the entire world is a very narrow bridge, and the important thing is to never have fear.

   ܐܸܕܝܘܿܡ ܗܘܼܠܸܟ݂ ܠܝܼ ܒܟܠܹܗ ܒܲܝܬܵܐ.

   idyōm hūliḵ lī b-kullēh baytā.

   Today I walked throughout the whole house.

Usage notes

• This term is most commonly found in its construct form, ܟܠ (kul, “all-of”). When this is the case, all agreement — gender, number, person — is with the following noun. For example, ܟܠܲܢ (kullan, “all-of-us, everyone”) is plural, first-person, and usually masculine (but it will be feminine if it's referring to a specific group, all of whose members are female).
• (all, each, every): When this word is uninflected, it will always have the meaning “all,” “each,” or “every,” except when not related to another word, where then it may also mean “the whole,” or “the entirety of.”

• For example, ܟܠ ܒܲܝܬܵܐ ― kull baytā ― every/each house, but ܟܠܹܗ ܒܲܝܬܵܐ ― kullēh baytā ― the entire house (literally, “All of him the house”).

• For example, ܟܠܲܢ ― kullan when not directly related to another word, may be “all of us,” “each one of us,” “every one of us,” or “the entirety of us”

• Colloquially, it is often pronounced as IPA^(key): [kud.] when it carries the meaning of "each".

Inflection

Inflection of ܟܠ (kul)

Base Form			ܟܠ (kul)
Personal-pronoun including forms	singular		plural
	m	f
1st person	ܟܠܝܼ (klī)		ܟܠܲܢ (kullan)
2nd person	ܟܠܘܼܟ݂ (kullōḵ)	ܟܠܵܟ݂ܝ (kullāḵ)	ܟܠܵܘܟ݂ܘܿܢ (kullāwḵōn)
3rd person	ܟܠܹܗ (kullēh)	ܟܠܵܗ̇ (kullāh)	ܟܠܗܘܿܢ (kullhōn)

Derived terms

• ܟܠ ܐ݇ܢܵܫܵܐ (kul nāšā, “everyone”)
• ܟܠ ܚܲܕ݇ (kul ḥa, “each”)
• ܟܠ ܝܘܿܡ (kul yōm, “everyday”)
• ܟܠ ܡܸܢܕܝܼ (kul mindī, “everything”)
• ܟܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ݂ (kullānāˀīṯ, “generally”)
• ܟܠܵܢܵܝܵܐ (kullānāyā, “general”)