とし

See also: とじ

Japanese

Etymology 1

Alternative spellings
年 歳

/to₂si/ → /tosi/ → /toɕi/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *təsi. Originally referred to grain, particularly rice, and by extension, the year's harvest.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) とし​ [tòshíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [to̞ɕi]

Noun

とし • (toshi) ^{←とし (tosi)?}

1. (obsolete) grain, particularly rice
2. (obsolete) a grain harvest, a grain crop
3. a year
4. age
5. (specifically) used to describe the age of someone who should not do things inappropriate for their age

   Synonym: いいとし (ii toshi)

   歳(とし)なので

   toshi nanode

   because one is no longer young

Derived terms

• 年(とし)神(がみ) (Toshigami): the spirit or god of the year
• 年(とし)を取(と)る (toshi o toru): to pass New Years; to age

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of とし – see the following entries.

【都市】 [noun] city; town

【杜詩】 [noun] (poetry) poetry of Du Fu

【妬視】 [noun] (literary, uncommon) looking with envy [verb] (literary, uncommon) to look enviously

【徒死】 [noun] dying in vain [verb] to die in vain

(This term, とし, is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.) For a list of all kanji read as とし, see Category:Japanese kanji read as とし.)

Etymology 3

Alternative spellings
利し 鋭し 敏し 聆し 疾し 捷し

Adjective

とし • (toshi) ^†-ku

1. 利し, 鋭し: sharp
2. 敏し, 聆し: smart, clever
3. 疾し, 捷し: fast, quick
4. 疾し, 鋭し: powerful, intense

Derived terms

• とうに (tō ni)
• とっくに (tokku ni)

Inflection

Classical conjugation of "とし" (ク活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	とく[1] とから[2]		toku tokara
Continuative (連用形)	とく[1] とかり[2]		toku tokari
Terminal (終止形)	とし		tosi
Attributive (連体形)	とき とかる		toki tokaru
Realis (已然形)	とけれ		tokere
Imperative (命令形)	とかれ		tokare
Key constructions
Negative	とからず		tokarazu
Contrasting conjunction	とけれど		tokeredo
Causal conjunction	とければ		tokereba
Conditional conjunction	とくば		tokuba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	とかりき		tokariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	とかりけり		tokarikeri
Adverbial	とく		toku
[1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb.