勇敢

Chinese[edit]

		brave	dare
trad. (勇敢)		勇	敢
simp. ^#(勇敢)		勇	敢

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yǒnggǎn

(Zhuyin): ㄩㄥˇ ㄍㄢˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jung⁵ gam²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yúng-kám

(Meixian, Guangdong): yung³ gam³
Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̄ng-*gāng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ióng-kám

(Teochew, Peng'im): iong² gan²
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶yon-koe

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yǒnggǎn [Phonetic: yónggǎn]
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˇ ㄍㄢˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yǒnggǎn
  - Wade–Giles: yung³-kan³
  - Yale: yǔng-gǎn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeonggaan
  - Palladius: юнгань (junganʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jung⁵ gam²
  - Yale: yúhng gám
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jung⁵ gam²
  - Guangdong Romanization: yung⁵ gem²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ¹³ kɐm³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yúng-kám
  - Hakka Romanization System: iung` gam`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yung³ gam³
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ³¹ kam³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yúng-kám
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iung` gam`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yung³ gam³
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ³¹ kam³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: yung³ gam³
  - Sinological IPA: /iʊŋ³¹ kam³¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̄ng-*gāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /yŋ³³⁻³⁵ kaŋ³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ióng-kám
  - Tâi-lô: ióng-kám
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iofngkarm
  - IPA (Xiamen): /iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kam⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kam⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kam⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kam⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kam⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: iong² gan²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ióng káⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ kã⁵²⁻²¹/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶yon-koe
  - MiniDict: yon^去 koe
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhion-koe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦioŋ²² kø⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: yowngX kamX

Rime
Character	勇	敢
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	談 (143)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	余隴切	古覽切
Baxter	yowngX	kamX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨoŋ^X/	/kɑm^X/
Pan Wuyun	/jioŋ^X/	/kɑm^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ioŋ^X/	/kɑm^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/juawŋ^X/	/kam^X/
Li Rong	/ioŋ^X/	/kɑm^X/
Wang Li	/jĭwoŋ^X/	/kɑm^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯woŋ^X/	/kɑm^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǒng	gǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jung⁵	gam²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*loŋʔ [k]ˤamʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*loŋʔ klaːmʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	勇	敢
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yǒng	gǎn
Middle Chinese	‹ yowng^X ›	‹ kam^X ›
Old Chinese	/*loŋʔ/	/*[k]ˁamʔ/
English	brave	dare
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	勇	敢
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	15449	3674
Phonetic component	用	敢
Rime group	東	談
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	勇	敢
Old Chinese	/*loŋʔ/	/*klaːmʔ/
Notes		說文從爪又，古聲，金文從爭甘聲，此爲隸變

Adjective[edit]

勇敢

brave; courageous; undaunted
- 筋力之士矜難，勇敢之士奮患。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  筋力之士矜难，勇敢之士奋患。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE
  Jīnlì zhī shì jīn nán, yǒnggǎn zhī shì fèn huàn. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms[edit]

勇猛 (yǒngměng)
大無畏／大无畏 (dàwúwèi) (utterly fearless)
果敢 (guǒgǎn)
無畏／无畏 (wúwèi)
神勇 (shényǒng) (extraordinarily brave)
英勇 (yīngyǒng)

Antonyms[edit]

懦弱 (nuòruò)
喪膽／丧胆 (sàngdǎn)

Japanese[edit]

Kanji in this term
勇	敢
ゆう Grade: 4	かん Grade: S
on’yomi

Pronunciation[edit]

(Tokyo) ゆうかん [yùúkáń] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [jɯ̟ᵝːkã̠ɴ]

Adjective[edit]

勇(ゆう)敢(かん) • (yūkan) -na (adnominal 勇(ゆう)敢(かん)な (yūkan na), adverbial 勇(ゆう)敢(かん)に (yūkan ni))

brave, courageous

Inflection[edit]

Inflection of 勇敢

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	勇敢だろ	ゆうかんだろ	yūkan daro
Continuative (連用形)	勇敢で	ゆうかんで	yūkan de
Terminal (終止形)	勇敢だ	ゆうかんだ	yūkan da
Attributive (連体形)	勇敢な	ゆうかんな	yūkan na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	勇敢なら	ゆうかんなら	yūkan nara
Imperative (命令形)	勇敢であれ	ゆうかんであれ	yūkan de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	勇敢ではない勇敢じゃない	ゆうかんではないゆうかんじゃない	yūkan de wa nai yūkan ja nai
Informal past	勇敢だった	ゆうかんだった	yūkan datta
Informal negative past	勇敢ではなかった勇敢じゃなかった	ゆうかんではなかったゆうかんじゃなかった	yūkan de wa nakatta yūkan ja nakatta
Formal	勇敢です	ゆうかんです	yūkan desu
Formal negative	勇敢ではありません勇敢じゃありません	ゆうかんではありませんゆうかんじゃありません	yūkan de wa arimasen yūkan ja arimasen
Formal past	勇敢でした	ゆうかんでした	yūkan deshita
Formal negative past	勇敢ではありませんでした勇敢じゃありませんでした	ゆうかんではありませんでしたゆうかんじゃありませんでした	yūkan de wa arimasen deshita yūkan ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	勇敢で	ゆうかんで	yūkan de
Conditional	勇敢なら（ば）	ゆうかんなら（ば）	yūkan nara (ba)
Provisional	勇敢だったら	ゆうかんだったら	yūkan dattara
Volitional	勇敢だろう	ゆうかんだろう	yūkan darō
Adverbial	勇敢に	ゆうかんに	yūkan ni
Degree	勇敢さ	ゆうかんさ	yūkansa

Classical conjugation of "勇敢なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	勇敢なら	ゆうかんなら	yuukannara
Continuative (連用形)	勇敢に^[1] 勇敢なり^[2]	ゆうかんにゆうかんなり	yuukanni yuukannari
Terminal (終止形)	勇敢なり	ゆうかんなり	yuukannari
Attributive (連体形)	勇敢なる	ゆうかんなる	yuukannaru
Realis (已然形)	勇敢なれ	ゆうかんなれ	yuukannare
Imperative (命令形)	勇敢なれ	ゆうかんなれ	yuukannare
Key constructions
Negative	勇敢ならず	ゆうかんならず	yuukannarazu
Contrasting conjunction	勇敢なれど	ゆうかんなれど	yuukannaredo
Causal conjunction	勇敢なれば	ゆうかんなれば	yuukannareba
Conditional conjunction	勇敢ならば	ゆうかんならば	yuukannaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	勇敢なりき	ゆうかんなりき	yuukannariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	勇敢なりけり	ゆうかんなりけり	yuukannarikeri
Adverbial	勇敢に	ゆうかんに	yuukanni
^[1]Without auxiliary verb. ^[2]With auxiliary verb.

Synonyms[edit]

勇(いさ)ましい (isamashī), 大胆(だいたん) (daitan)

Noun[edit]

勇(ゆう)敢(かん) • (yūkan)

bravery, courage

References[edit]

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean[edit]

Hanja in this term
勇	敢

Noun[edit]

勇敢 • (yonggam) (hangeul 용감)

Hanja form^? of 용감 (“bravery, courage”).

Vietnamese[edit]

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
勇	敢

Adjective[edit]

勇敢

chữ Hán form of dũng cảm (“brave; courageous”).

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

勇敢

Contents

Chinese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

Synonyms[edit]

Antonyms[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

Inflection[edit]

Synonyms[edit]

Noun[edit]

References[edit]

Korean[edit]

Noun[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Adjective[edit]

Navigation menu

勇敢

Chinese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

Synonyms[edit]

Antonyms[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

Inflection[edit]

Synonyms[edit]

Noun[edit]

References[edit]

Korean[edit]

Noun[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Adjective[edit]

Navigation menu

Search