巉岩

Chinese

		cliff	cliff; rock
trad. (巉岩)		巉	岩
simp. #(巉岩)		巉	岩
alternative forms		巉巖 巉嵒
anagram		岩巉

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): chányán

  (Zhuyin): ㄔㄢˊ ㄧㄢˊ

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): châm-giâm

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: chányán
    • Zhuyin: ㄔㄢˊ ㄧㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: chányán
    • Wade–Giles: chʻan²-yen²
    • Yale: chán-yán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charnyan
    • Palladius: чаньянь (čanʹjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ jɛn³⁵/
    • Homophones:

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      edit edit 讒言／谗言 饞言／馋言

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: châm-giâm
    • Tâi-lô: tsâm-giâm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zamgiaam
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sam²⁴⁻²² ɡiam²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sam²⁴⁻²² ɡiam²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sam¹³⁻²² ɡiam¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡sam²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiam²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sam²³⁻³³ ɡiam²³/

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• Middle Chinese: dzraem ngaem

Rime
Character	巉	岩
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	崇 (20)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	銜 (149)	銜 (149)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	II
Fanqie	鋤銜切	五銜切
Baxter	dzraem	ngaem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʒˠam/	/ŋˠam/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖ͡ʐᵚam/	/ŋᵚam/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʒam/	/ŋam/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖ͡ʐaɨm/	/ŋaɨm/
Li Rong	/d͡ʒam/	/ŋam/
Wang Li	/d͡ʒam/	/ŋam/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɖ͡ʐʱam/	/ŋam/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chán	yán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	caam4	ngaam4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*zraːm  ŋraːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	岩
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yán
Middle Chinese	‹ ngæm ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ]ˁr[a]m/ (< uvular?)
English	rocky, lofty
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	巉	岩
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	1233	3684
Phonetic component	毚	敢
Rime group	談	談
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	巉	巖
Old Chinese	/*zraːm/	/*ŋraːm/

Noun

巉岩

1. (literary) precipitous rock

Adjective

巉岩

1. (literary) precipitous; steep
2. Alternative form of 巉巖／巉岩 (chányán, “powerful and distinctive in poetic style”)

Synonyms

• (precipitous):

• 壁立 (bìlì) (chiefly of a mountain peak, cliff, etc.)
• 岢峨 (kě'é) (literary, of a mountain, high and steep)
• 岢峻 (kějùn) (literary, of a mountain, high and steep)
• 峭 (qiào) (in compounds only)
• 峻峭 (jùnqiào) (of a mountain, high and steep)
• 崒 (zú) (literary)
• 崎 (qí) (literary or Min Nan)
• 嶔崟／嵚崟 (qīnyín) (literary, dangerously steep)
• 嶜崟 (dangerously steep)
• 巀嶭 (of mountains, high, lofty, and steep)
• 巉峻 (chánjùn) (literary)
• 巉巉 (chánchán) (literary)
• 筆陡／笔陡 (bǐdǒu)
• 陡 (dǒu)
• 陡峭 (dǒuqiào)
• 陡直 (dǒuzhí)
• 險峻／险峻 (xiǎnjùn) (dangerously steep)
• 高峻 (gāojùn) (of a mountain, high and steep)