惇篤

Chinese

		kindhearted	serious (illness); sincere; true
trad. (惇篤)		惇	篤
simp. (惇笃)		惇	笃

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dūndǔ

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄣ ㄉㄨˇ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dūndǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣ ㄉㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dundǔ
    • Wade–Giles: tun¹-tu³
    • Yale: dwūn-dǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duenduu
    • Palladius: дуньду (dunʹdu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu̯ən⁵⁵ tu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

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• Middle Chinese: twon towk

Rime
Character	惇	篤
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)	沃 (6)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	都昆切	冬毒切
Baxter	twon	towk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuən/	/tuok̚/
Pan Wuyun	/tuon/	/tuok̚/
Shao Rongfen	/tuən/	/tok̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/twən/	/tawk̚/
Li Rong	/tuən/	/tok̚/
Wang Li	/tuən/	/tuok̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/tuən/	/tuok̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dūn	du
Expected Cantonese Reflex	deon1	duk1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*tuːn  tuːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	篤
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ towk ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁuk/
English	firm, solid
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	惇	篤
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	2598	17587
Phonetic component	敦	竹
Rime group	文	覺
Rime subdivision	2	1
Corresponding MC rime	敦	篤
Old Chinese	/*tuːn/	/*tuːɡ/

Adjective

惇篤

1. (literary) sincere; honest