浩然

Chinese

		grand; vast (water)	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (浩然)		浩	然
simp. #(浩然)		浩	然

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hàorán

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄠˋ ㄖㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hou⁶ jin⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hàorán
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄠˋ ㄖㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hàorán
    • Wade–Giles: hao⁴-jan²
    • Yale: hàu-rán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hawran
    • Palladius: хаожань (xaožanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 浩然 昊然 皓然 晧然

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hou⁶ jin⁴
    • Yale: houh yìhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hou⁶ jin⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: hou⁶ yin⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hou̯²² jiːn²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: hawX nyen

Rime
Character	浩	然
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	胡老切	如延切
Baxter	hawX	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑuX/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑuX/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑuX/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦawX/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/ɣɑuX/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/ɣɑuX/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣɑuX/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hào	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hou6	jin4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤuʔ  [n]a[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡuːʔ  njen/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	浩	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hào	rán
Middle Chinese	‹ hawX ›	‹ nyen ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁuʔ/	/*[n]a[n]/
English	vast	so, thus; (adv suffix)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	浩	然
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	3810	10756
Phonetic component	告	肰
Rime group	幽	元
Rime subdivision	1	2
Corresponding MC rime	晧	然
Old Chinese	/*ɡuːʔ/	/*njen/

Adjective

浩然

1. (literary) grand; vast
2. (literary) overwhelming; great
3. (literary) upright and principled

   • 我善養吾浩然之氣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     我善养吾浩然之气。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Wǒ shàn yǎng wú hàorán zhī qì. [Pinyin]

     I am skilful in nourishing my vast, flowing passion-nature.

Synonyms

• (grand): (literary) 皓然 (hàorán)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (浩然):

• → Japanese: 浩然(こうぜん) (kōzen)
• → Korean: 호연(浩然) (hoyeon)
• → Vietnamese: hạo nhiên (浩然)