豈敢

See also: 岂敢

Chinese

		how can it be that	dare
trad. (豈敢)		豈	敢
simp. (岂敢)		岂	敢

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qǐgǎn

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˇ ㄍㄢˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hei² gam²
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khí-kám

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qǐgǎn [Phonetic: qígǎn]
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ ㄍㄢˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cǐgǎn
    • Wade–Giles: chʻi³-kan³
    • Yale: chǐ-gǎn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiigaan
    • Palladius: цигань (ciganʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hei² gam²
    • Yale: héi gám
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hei² gam²
    • Guangdong Romanization: héi² gem²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hei̯³⁵ kɐm³⁵/
    • Homophones:

      edit edit 喜感 豈敢／岂敢

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khí-kám
    • Tâi-lô: khí-kám
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qy'karm
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kam⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kam⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kam⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kam⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kam⁴¹/

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• Middle Chinese: khj+jX kamX

Rime
Character	豈	敢
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	微 (20)	談 (143)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	袪狶切	古覽切
Baxter	khj+jX	kamX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨiX/	/kɑmX/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰɨiX/	/kɑmX/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiəiX/	/kɑmX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɨjX/	/kamX/
Li Rong	/kʰiəiX/	/kɑmX/
Wang Li	/kʰĭəiX/	/kɑmX/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰe̯iX/	/kɑmX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qǐ	gǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hei2	gam2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰəjʔ  [k]ˤamʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ  klaːmʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	豈	敢
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qǐ	gǎn
Middle Chinese	‹ khj+jX ›	‹ kamX ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰəjʔ/	/*[k]ˁamʔ/
English	how	dare
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	豈	敢
Reading #	2/2	1/1
No.	10123	3674
Phonetic component	豈	敢
Rime group	微	談
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	豈	敢
Old Chinese	/*ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ/	/*klaːmʔ/
Notes		說文從爪又，古聲，金文從爭甘聲， 此爲隸變

Verb

豈敢

1. (literary) how could I dare to; how dare he

   • 豈敢愛之？畏我父母。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     岂敢爱之？畏我父母。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Qǐgǎn ài zhī? Wèi wǒ fùmǔ. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Interjection

豈敢

1. I don't deserve such praise or honor; You flatter me