𐰢𐱁

Old Turkic

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-miĺ. Cognate with Turkish -miş.

Suffix

𐰢𐱁 (-miš, -mïš)

1. Forms past tense, heard or unclear

   ‎𐰖𐰺𐱃 (yarat-, “to create”) + ‎𐰢𐱁 (mš) → ‎𐰖𐰺𐱃𐰢𐱁 (yaratmïš, “(I guess/I heard that) she/he/it created.”)

Usage notes

1. Up until late Old Turkic, the negative form 𐰢𐰢𐱁- (-memiš) is never seen, instead using the negative form of 𐰓𐰜 (-dük), 𐰢𐰓𐰜 (-medük).

   ‎𐰴𐰃𐰞𐰣 (kïlïn-, “to be made”) + ‎𐰢𐰓𐰜 (md²k̥) → ‎𐰴𐰃𐰞𐰣𐰢𐰑𐰸 (kïlïnmaduk, “(I guess/I heard that) it wasn't made.”)

2. Can be appended to 𐰼 (er-) in order to be used with other verbs or nouns to indicate the state the subject used to be.

   ‎𐰋 (eb, “house”) + ‎𐰼𐰢𐱁 (r²mš) → ‎𐰋:𐰼𐰢𐱁 (eb:ermiš, “(I guess/I heard that) it was a house.”)

   ‎𐰉𐰺𐰃𐰺 (barïr, “he/she/it goes”) + ‎𐰼𐰢𐱁 (r²mš) → ‎𐰉𐰺𐰃𐰺:𐰼𐰢𐱁 (barïr:ermiš, “(I guess/I heard that) he/she/it used to go”)

Alternative forms

• 𐰢𐰃𐰾 (-mis) (Irk Bitig)
• 𐰢𐰾 (-mis) (Irk Bitig)

Derived terms

• 𐰼𐰢𐱁 (ermiš)

Related terms

• 𐰼 (-r, “aorist tense”)
• 𐰢𐱁 (-miš, “heard past tense”)
• 𐰓𐰀𐰲𐰃 (-deči, “future tense”)
• 𐰾𐰚 (-sik, “necessitive-future tense”)
• 𐰏𐰘 (-gey, “optative-future tense”)
• 𐰢𐰔 (-mez, “negative aorist tense”)
• 𐰢𐰲𐰃 (-meči, “negative future tense”)