Appendix:German cognates with English/Mutually inherited borrowings

Borrowings into Proto-Germanic

Latin Borrowings into Proto-Germanic

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English Cognate	Old Norse Cognate	Proto-Germanic form	Latin root
Katze [f]	cat	cat	catt	kǫttr	*kattuz	cattus
Mühle [f]	mill	mill	mylen			molinum, molinus
Müll(er) [m]	mill(er)	miller				molinum, molinus
Pfahl [m]	pole	pole	pāl			pālus
Pfanne [f]	pan	pan	panne	panna	*pannǭ	panna
Pfennig [m]	penny	a denomination of currency	penning, pening,		*panningaz
schreiben; schrieb; (ge)schrieben	shrive; shrove/shrived; shriven/shrived	to write	sċrīfan		*skrībaną	scrībō
Ziegel [m]	tile	brick, tile	tiġele		*tigulǭ	tēgula

Borrowings into Proto-West-Germanic

Greek Borrowings into Proto-West-Germanic

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Proto-West-Germanic form	Greek root
Kirche [f]	church	church	ċiriċe	*kirikā	κυριακὸυ δῶμα (kuriakòu dôma)

Latin Borrowings into Proto-West-Germanic

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English Cognate	Proto-West-Germanic form	Latin root
Butter [f]	butter	butter	butere	*buterā	būtȳrum
Drache [m]	drake	dragon	draca	*drakō	dracō
Kampf [m]	camp	battle, fight, struggle	camp	*kamp	campus
Käse [m]	cheese	cheese	ċīese, ċȳse, ċēse	*kāsī	cāseus
Kiste [f]	chest	box	ċest, ċist	*kistu	cista
Meile [f]	mile	mile	mīl	*mīliju	mīlia
Pflaume [f]	plum	plum	plūme	*plūmā	prūnum
spenden; spendete; (ge)spendet	spend; spent; spent	to donate	spendan	*spendōn	expendere
Straße [f]	street	street	strǣt	*strātu	strāta
Tisch [m]	dish	table	disċ	*disk	discus
Wall	wall	rampart, mound, embankment	weall	*wall	vallum
Wein [m]	wine	wine	wīn	*wīn	vīnum

Borrowings into Old German and Old English

While there are borrowings from Latin present in Proto-Germanic (e.g. 'mile' and 'pound'), this section lists borrowings from Latin occurring after the Proto-Germanic stage and up to the stages of Old English and Old High German. Thus, these Latin borrowings have occurred early enough that they are no longer recognizably foreign, and largely appear to obey the sound changes that occurred as the two languages evolved to the contemporary form.

Latin Borrowings into Old German and Old English

Standard German cognate	Modern English cognate	Meaning of German cognate	Old English cognate	Old High German cognate	Late Latin root
Abt [m]	abbot	abbot	abbat		abbās
Almosen [n]	alms	alms	ælmesse		eleēmosyna
Altar [m]	altar	altar	alter, altar		altare
Becher	beaker	beaker, cup, goblet
Bischof [m]	bishop	bishop	biscop		episcopus
Engel [m]	angel	angel	enċġel		angelus
falsch	false	false, wrong	fals		falsus
Fieber [n]	fever	fever	fefor		febris
Kappe	cap	cap; hood			cappa
Kohl	cabbage	cole	cāl, cāul, cāwel		caulis
Kohl	cabbage	kale	cāl, cāul, cāwel		caulis
Kopf [m]	cup	head	cuppe		cuppa
Kufe	coop	vat, tub			cūpa
Kugel [f]	cowl	hood, cowl	cūle		cucullus
Kupfer [n]	copper	copper	coper, copor		cuprum
Mantel	mantle	mantle, coat	mentel	mantal	mantellum
Markt [m]	market	market	market		mercātus
Mönch [m]	monk	monk			monachus
Münster [n]	minster	minster	mynster		monastērium
Nonne [f]	nun	nun	nunne		nonna
opfern; opferte; (ge)opfert	offer; offered; offered	to sacrifice	offrian		offerō
Pech [n]	pitch	pitch; bad luck, misfortune	piċ		pix
Pfeffer [m]	pepper	pepper	piper		piper
Pflanze [f]	plant	plant	plante		planta
Pflaster [n]	plaster	band-aid, plaster, pavement	plaster		emplastrum
Schrein [m]	shrine	shrine			scrīnium
Tafel [f]	table	table, slab, board	tabele, tabul, tabule, tabula		tabula
Teufel [m]	devil	devil	deofol		diabolus
Wanne [f]	fan	tub	fann		vannus