Appendix:German cognates with English/Regular cognates with differing consonant values/Proto-Germanic Liquids, Nasals and Semivowels
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Proto-Germanic Liquid Consonants[edit]
Proto-Germanic *l[edit]
German l, ll ~ English ∅, l (∅)[edit]
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
solch- | such | such | swilċ | *swalīkaz | |
welch- | which | which | hwilċ | *hwilīkaz | |
walken; walkte; (ge)walkt |
walk; walked; walked |
to churn, to tumble sth.; to knead (coll.) |
wealcan | *walkaną |
Proto-Germanic *r, *z[edit]
Proto-Germanic *z developed into Proto-West Germanic *r. Both languages exhibit some tendency to drop the original *r.
German ∅ ~ English r[edit]
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
da | there | there | þār, þǣr, þēr |
þar, þær |
*þar |
Welt [f] | world | world | worold | *weraldiz | |
wo | where | where | hwær | *hwar |
German r ~ English ∅[edit]
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-(West) Germanic ancestor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
mir | me | me | mē | *miz | |
Sprache [f] | speech | language, speech |
spǣċ | *sprāku | |
sprechen; sprach; (ge)sprochen |
speak; spoke; spoken |
to speak | specan | *sprekaną | |
wider | with | against | wiþ | ||
wieder | with | again | wiþ | ||
wir | we | we | wē | *wīz | |
Zwirn [m] | twine | thread | twīn | Proto-West Germanic *twiʀn |
Proto-Germanic Nasal Consonants[edit]
Proto-Germanic *m[edit]
German m, mm ~ English mb[edit]
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daume(n) [m] | thumb | thumb | þūma | *þūmô | |
Däum(ling) | thimble | thumbstall | þȳmel | *þūmilaz | |
Krume [f] | crumb | crumb | cruma | *krumô, *krūmô | |
Krüm(el) [m] | crumb | crumb | cruma | *krumô, *krūmô | |
krümeln; krümelte; (ge)krümelt |
crumble; crumbled; crumbled |
to crumble | |||
mümmeln; mümmelte; (ge)mümmelt |
mumble; mumbled; mumbled |
to nibble | |||
nehmen; nahm; (ge)nommen |
nimb(le) | to take, to seize; to receive |
*nemaną | ||
nehmen; nahm; (ge)nommen |
numb | to take, to seize; to receive |
*nemaną | ||
schlummern; schlummerte; (ge)schlummert |
slumber; slumbered; slumbered |
to slumber, to doze |
*slūm- | ||
taumeln; taumelte; (ge)taumelt |
tumble; tumbled; tumbled |
to sway, to teeter, to stagger |
tumbian | tumba | *tūmōną |
Zimmer [n] | timber | room | timber | timbr | *timrą |
German n ~ English m[edit]
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Besen | besom | broom | besema, besma |
||
Boden [m] | bottom | ground | botm | *butmaz | |
Busen [m] | bosom | breast | bōsm | *bōsmaz | |
Faden [m] | fathom | thread | fæþm | faðmr | *faþmaz |
Proto-Germanic *n[edit]
German ∅, n ~ English ∅, n[edit]
Both languages exhibit some tendency to drop the original *n.
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ander- (det.) | other | other | ōþer | *anþeraz | |
Bürde | burde(n) | burden; weight |
byrden | *burþį̄; Proto-West Germanic *burþini | |
Dunst [m] | dust | damp, haze, mist |
dust | dust | *dustą, *dunstą |
ein- (det.) | a, an |
a, an |
ān | einn | *ainaz |
Ellboge(n) [m] | elbow | elbow | elboga | ǫlbogi | *alinabugô |
Ellenboge(n) [m] | elbow | elbow | elboga | ǫlbogi | *alinabugô |
Gans [f]; Gänse [pl.] |
goose; geese |
goose | gōs | gás | *gans |
König [m] | king | king | cyning | konungr | *kuningaz |
mein | my | my | mīn | mínn | *mīnaz |
Mund [m] | mouth | mouth | mūþ | muðr | *munþaz |
Natter [f] | adder | grass-snake | nǣdre | *nadrǭ | |
Rabe [m] | raven | raven | hræfn | hrafn | *hrabnaz |
Stern [m] | star | star | steorra | *sternǭ | |
tagen; tagte; (ge)tagt |
dawn; dawned; dawned |
to meet; to dawn |
dagian | *dagāną | |
unser | our | our | ūre | *unseraz | |
Waffe [f] | weapon | weapon | wǣpen | *wēpną | |
Wunsch [m] | wish | wish | wȳsċan | *wunskijaną | |
wünschen; wünschte; (ge)wünscht |
wish; wished; wished |
to wish | wȳsċan | *wunskijaną | |
Zwilling | twinling | twin |
Proto-Germanic Semivowels[edit]
Proto-Germanic *w[edit]
German Ø ~ English w[edit]
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aue [f] | ewe | ewe | eowu | ær | *awiz |
brauen; braute; (ge)braut |
brew; brewed; brewed |
to brew | brēowan | *brewwaną | |
Eule [f] | owl | owl | ūle | *uwwalǭ | |
hauen; hieb/haute; (ge)hauen |
hew; hewed; hewn/hewed |
to beat, to hit, to hew (in stone) |
hēawan | *hawwaną | |
kahl | callow | bald | calu | *kalwaz | |
kauen; kaute; (ge)kaut |
chew; chewed; chewed |
to chew | ċēowan | *kewwaną | |
Klaue [f] | claw | claw | clawu | kló | *klawō |
Krähe [f] | crow | crow | crāwe | *krāwō | |
Nehr(ung) | narrow | spit (peninsula) | nearu | *narwaz | |
roh | raw | raw | hrǣw, hrēaw, hrēow, hrā |
hrár | *hrawaz |
Schnee [m] | snow | snow | snāw | snær | *snaiwaz |
speien; spie; (ge)spien/(ge)spieen |
spew; spewed; spewed |
to spit (sth.), to vomit |
spīwan | spýja | *spīwaną |
streuen; streute; (ge)streut |
strew; strewed; strewn/strewed |
to spread, to strew |
strēawian | strá | *strawjaną |
Stroh [n] | straw | straw | strēaw | strá | *strawą |
Tau [m] | dew | dew | dēaw, dēaw |
*dawwaz, *dawwą |