Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rōþrą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *rōaną (“to row”) +‎ *-þrą (“tool, instrument”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈrɔːθ.rɑ̃/

Noun

*rōþrą n

1. oar

   Synonym: *airō

2. rudder

   Synonym: *helmô

Inflection

neuter a-stemDeclension of *rōþrą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*rōþrą	*rōþrō
vocative	*rōþrą	*rōþrō
accusative	*rōþrą	*rōþrō
genitive	*rōþras, *rōþris	*rōþrǫ̂
dative	*rōþrai	*rōþramaz
instrumental	*rōþrō	*rōþramiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *rōþr
  • Old English: rōþor
    • Middle English: rother, rodder, rothre, ruder, rothyr, rothir, rothar, roþer
      • English: rudder, rother
      • Scots: rudder, ruther, ruder
  • Old Frisian: rōther, rōder
    • Saterland Frisian: Ruur
    • West Frisian: roer
  • Old Saxon: *rōthar
    • Middle Low German: rôder
      • German Low German: Roor
      • → Danish: ror
      • → Faroese: róður
      • → Norwegian: ror
      • → Old Swedish: rodher
        • Swedish: roder
  • Old Dutch: *ruother
    • Middle Dutch: roeder
      • Dutch: roer
        • Afrikaans: roer
        • → Russian: руль (rulʹ)
          • → Armenian: ռուլ (ṙul)
          • → Azerbaijani: rul
          • → Georgian: რული (ruli)
          • → Kazakh: рөл (röl)
          • → Persian: رل (rol)
  • Old High German: ruodar, ruoder
    • Middle High German: ruoder
      • German: Ruder
      • Luxembourgish: Rudder
      • Yiddish: רודער (ruder)
• Old Norse: róðr
  • Icelandic: róður
  • Faroese: róður
  • Old East Norse:
    • Old Swedish: roþer
      • Swedish: roder
      • ⇒ Swedish: rod, Roden (“the coastal region of Uppland”)
        • ⇒ Swedish: Roslagen
    • → Proto-Finnic: *roocci (from the genitive *roþs-)
      • Estonian: Rootsi; roots (archaic)
      • Finnish: Ruotsi; ruotsi (archaic)
        • Meänkieli: Ruotti
      • Ingrian: rootsi
      • Karelian: ruočči, Ruočči
      • Livonian: rūotš, Rūotšmō
      • Livvi: ruočči, Ruočči
      • Ludian: ruoč
      • Veps: Ročinma
      • Võro: ruuts', Roodsi
      • Votic: roottsi
      • → Northern Sami: ruošˈša, Ruošˈša; ruoŧŧa, Ruoŧŧa
      • →? Old East Slavic: Роусь (Rusĭ) (see there for further descendants)
      • → Proto-Permic:
        • Komi-Permyak: роч (roć)
        • Komi-Zyrian: роч (roć)
        • Udmurt: ӟуч (dźuć)