Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/takrám

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *tn̥k-ló- (“buttermilk”). Compare Old English þēl.

Noun

*takrám n

1. buttermilk

Declension

neuter a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*takrám	*takráy	*takráH
vocative	*takrám	*takráy	*takráH
accusative	*takrám	*takráy	*takráH
instrumental	*takrā́	*takráybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*takrā́yš
ablative	*takrā́t	*takráybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*takráybʰyas
dative	*takrā́y	*takráybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*takráybʰyas
genitive	*takrásya	*takráyās	*takrā́na(H)m
locative	*takráy	*takráyaw	*takráyšu

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Aryan: *takrám
  • Sanskrit: तक्र (takrá) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Iranian: *taxrám ~ *taxlám
  • Gurani: تاڵ (tāł), تاڵ (tāła)
  • Middle Persian: [script needed] (tʾhl /⁠taxl⁠/)
    • Persian: تلخ (talx, “bitter”)
      • → Hindi: तल्ख़ (talx, “bitter”)
    • Tajik: талх (talx, “bitter”)
  • Kurdish:

    Northern Kurdish: tehl, te’l, tal (“bitter”)

    Central Kurdish: تاڵ (tall, “bitter”)

    Southern Kurdish: تیەڵ (tyell, “bitter”)

    Laki: تەڵ (tell, “bitter”)

  • Zazaki: ta’l (“bitter”)

References

• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 611-612
• Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 262
• MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “takrá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press