Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ud-

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *úd (“out, outward”).

Prefix

*ud-

1. up, upwards, away, out of

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ud-
  • Sanskrit: उद्- (ud-, pref.)
• Proto-Iranian: *uj-, *uc- (< *udᶻ-, *utˢ-, generalized from the position before dentals)
  • Central Iranian:
    • Avestan: 𐬎𐬯- (us-), 𐬎𐬰- (uz-)
      • → Iranian Persian: اس- (os-, “prefix as "ex-" in English”) (revived prefix)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Scythian::
      • Proto-Ossetic::
        • Ossetian::

          Digor Ossetian: ӕс- (æs-), с- (s-)

          Iron Ossetian: ус- (us-), ис- (is-)

      • Proto-Saka-Wakhi::
        • Old Khotanese: 𑀉𑀬𑀲- (uyasa- /⁠uys-⁠/)

          Late Khotanese: 𑀅𑀬𑀲- (ayasa- /⁠ays-⁠/), 𑀇𑀬𑀲- (iyasa- /⁠iys-⁠/), 𑀏𑀬𑀲- (eyasa- /⁠eys-⁠/)

        • Wakhi: (/⁠zə-, zü-, z-⁠/)

          Arabic script: زو-, زوْ-, ز-

          Cyrillic script: зә- (zә-), зу- (zu-), з- (z-)

          Latin script: zə-, zü-, z-

    • Sogdo-Bactrian:
      • Bactrian: ασ- (as- /⁠as-, *əs-⁠/)
      • Khwarezmian: اس- (ʾs- /⁠*as-, *əs-⁠/), س- (s- /⁠*sə⁠/)
      • Sogdian: (/⁠əs-, s-, əz-, z-⁠/)

        Sogdian script: [script needed] (ʾs-), [script needed] (s-), [script needed] (ʾz-), [script needed] (z-)

        Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘- (ʾs-), 𐫘- (s-), 𐫀𐫉- (ʾz-), 𐫉- (z-)

        Syriac script: ܐܣ- (ʾs-), ܣ- (s-), ܐܙ- (ʾz-), ܙ- (z-)

  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Yidgha: ز- (zə-)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Kurdish: /zi-/

      Central Kurdish: ز- (zi- /⁠zi-⁠/)

      Northern Kurdish: zi-

      Southern Kurdish: ز- (zi- /⁠zi-⁠/)

    • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      • Parthian: (/⁠iz-, is-⁠/)

        Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫉- (ʿz-), 𐫙𐫘- (ʿs-)

        • → Middle Persian: 𐫙𐫉- (ʿz- /⁠iz-⁠/) (in some verbs e.g., 𐫙𐫉𐫇𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫗 (ʿzwʾrdn /⁠izwārdan⁠/, “to show”))
          • Classical Persian: ز- (zi)
      • Zazaki: zi-, zu-
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: 𐎢𐎿- (u-s- /⁠us-⁠/), 𐎢𐏀- (u-z- /⁠uz-⁠/), 𐎢𐎭- (u-d- /⁠ud-⁠/)
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠uz-⁠/)

        Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫇𐫉- (ʾwz-)

        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwz-), [Book Pahlavi needed] (tr=ʾwc-)

        Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭥𐭦- (ʾwz-)

        Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮀𐮅𐮆- (ʾwz-), 𐮀𐮅𐮏- (ʾwc-)

        Pazend script: 𐬎𐬰- (uz-)

        • Classical Persian: ز- (zu-), آز- (āz-), از- (az-)

          Iranian Persian: ز- (zo-, “prefix as "ex-" in English”) (revived prefix)