Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ür

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative forms

• *-ur
• *-r

Etymology 1

Reconstruction notes

The roundedness of this suffix are preserved by Old Anatolian Turkish, but in other languages have instead unrounded to *-ir. Also in Turkish and Tatar, this suffix merged with the so-called "aorist" suffix *-er to form an unpredictable choice on simple present suffixes (i.e. Turkish bilir, olur, but eder).

Suffix

*-ür

1. Suffix creating positive present tense.

   ‎*seb- (“to love”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*sebür (“She/he/it loves.”)

   Antonym: *-meŕ

Related terms

• *-ti (past tense seen or clear)
• *-miĺ (past tense heard or unclear)
• *-gan (verbal adjective)
• *-sa (verbal adverb; if)
• *-de (locative case)
• *-den (ablative case)
• *-niŋ (genitive case)

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: -ӗр (-ĕr), -ӑр (-ăr), -р (-r)
• Common Turkic:

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-ür) [script needed] (-ur)
    • Azerbaijani: -ir, -ır, -r
    • Ottoman Turkish:
      • Turkish: -ar, -er, -ir, -ır, -ur, -ür, -r
  • Salar: -er, -ar, -r
  • Turkmen: -er, -ar, -r
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid:
    • Uzbek: -ar
    • Uyghur: [script needed] (-er), [script needed] (-ar)
• Kipchak:
  • East Kipchak:
  • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -өр (-ör), -р (-r)
    • Southern Altai: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -ӧр (-ör), -р (-r),
  • South Kipchak:
    • Kazakh: -ар (-ar), -ер (-er), -р (-r)
• Siberian:
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -өр (-ör), -р (-r)

Etymology 2

Alternative reconstructions

• *-üŕ
• *-guŕ
• *-güŕ

Suffix

*-ür

1. Suffix creating causative form of verb.

   ‎*keč- (“to pass”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*kečür- (“to pass something or someone”)

   ‎*büt- (“to be end”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*bütür- (“to end”)

   Synonyms: *-tur, *-t

Usage notes

1. Unlike the *-tur, it is not a productive suffix in modern Turkic languages. So, if it does not exists, you can not product a new verb with *-Ur, but you can with *tUr.
2. If the verb has this suffix once, then the second time it takes the -t form.

   ‎*kečür- (“to pass someone or something”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*kečürt- (“to cause to pass someone or something”)

3. The third time it takes this suffix, it takes the form -tUr.

   ‎*kečürt- (“to cause to pass someone or something”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*kečürttür- (“to cause to cause to pass someone or something”)

4. And if it is asked to take more, it takes the forms -t and -tUr respectively.

   ‎*kečürttür- (“to cause to cause to pass someone or something”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*kečürttürt- (“to cause to cause to cause someone or something”) (Today, Turkic languages do not go that far, but it becomes a grammatically correct verb.)

Related terms

• *sab-ur-
• *sim-ür-
• *ol-ur-
• *yum-ur-
• *yem-ür-
• *yaš-ur-