User:AryamanA/Indo-Aryan
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Reflexes of Proto-Indo-Aryan[edit]
Consonants[edit]
| OIA | EMIA | Examples | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIA | Sanskrit | Pali | PIA | Sanskrit | Pali[1] |
| *k | k | k | *kárma | kárma | kamma |
| kh[C 1] | kīla (“peg”) | khīla ~ khīḷa | |||
| ṭ | ḷ[C 2] | sphaṭikā (“crystal”) | phaḷikā | ||
| ḍ | ḷ[C 3] | tāḍayati (“beats”) | tāḷeti | ||
| biḍāla (“cat”) | biḷāla ~ biḷāra | ||||
| ḍh | ḷh[C 3] | *muẓḍʰás (“confused”) | mūḍhá | mūḷha | |
| ṇ | n[C 4] | dharmeṇa (“doctrine”, ins.sg) | dhammena | ||
| *t | t | t | |||
| th[C 1] | tuṣa (“husk of grain”) | thusa | |||
| ṭ[C 5] | *kr̥tás (“did”) | kṛtá | kaṭa | ||
| *th | th | th | |||
| ṭh[C 5] | *pratʰamás (“first”) | prathamá | paṭhama | ||
| *n | n | n | |||
| ṇ[C 4] | laśuna (“garlic”) | lasuṇa | |||
| *p | p | p | |||
| ph[C 1] | *palHtás (“grey”) | palitá | phalita | ||
| v[C 6] | vípina (“forst”) | vivina | |||
| *b | b | b | |||
| bh[C 1] | busa (“chaff”) | bhusa | |||
| *y | y | y | |||
| v[C 7] | mṛgayā (“hunt”) | migavā | |||
| yy[C 8] | *mriyátay (“dies”) | mriyáte | miyyati | ||
| *r | r | r ~ l | antarikṣa (“sky”) | antalikkha | |
| *w | v | v | |||
| p[C 6] | āplavate | apilapati | |||
| *ś | ś | s | śiśira (“cold season”) | sisira | |
| ch[C 9] | śāva (“young of an animal”) | chāpa | |||
| *ṣ | ṣ | s | oṣadhī (“herb”) | osadhī | |
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Word-initially aspirated before -S-, -r-/-l-/-ḷ-
- ^ Oberlies puts these voicings under an Eastern OIA/early MIA dialect.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Intervocalic
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sometimes retroflexed following u, ū, o, v, or a palatal. Dentalised in other contexts (which may be an Eastern feature).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sometimes retroflexed when following ṛ or r, presumably reflecting the retroflex pronunciation variant of those in OIA. Eastern feature.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 p__p < p__v and vice versa.
- ^ In the vicinity of a palatal or u/ū.
- ^ After i, ī, and e (perhaps reflecting glide quality).
- ^ Initially and inconsistently, seems dialectal.