User:Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes

General notes

Vowel gradation

There could be up to 3 vowel gradations in one word. This allows us to localise three places of vowel gradations:

1. "Base" or "genitive" vowel. Appears always in nominative plural, all singular cases except singular comitative and singular illative. If the last two don't change the vowels, could appear there too.
2. "Illative" vowel - separate gradation that could appear only in singular illative case.
3. "Comitative" vowel - could appear only in singular comitative and all plural cases except nominative plural.

Possible combinations:

1. Only: "base" цыза and пуаз (with exception of nominative, which doesn't participate in the rest of declension)
2. Only: "illative" кӯлль
3. Only: "comitative" алльк
4. All: пе̄ййв

Let's see the "worst" scenario:

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	пе̄ййв (pjiejjv)
Genitive	пе̄йв (pjiejv)
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	пе̄ййв (pjiejjv)	пе̄йв (pjiejv)
Accusative	пе̄йв (pjiejv)	пӣйвэтҍ (pjijvet’)
Genitive	пе̄йв (pjiejv)	пӣйвэ (pjijve)
Illative	пя̄ййва (pjeajjva)	пӣйвэтҍ (pjijvet’)
Locative	пе̄йвэсьт (pjiejves’t)	пӣйвэнҍ (pjijven’)
Comitative	пӣйвэнҍ (pjijven’)	пӣйвэгуэйм (pjijveguejm)
Abessive	пе̄йвха (pjiejvxa)	пӣйвэха (pjijvexa)
Essive	пе̄ййвэнҍ (pjiejjven’)
Partitive	пе̄ййвэ (pjiejjve)
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}

Consonant gradation

Only declension types I, II have consonant gradation. It happens according to the following pattern (S - strong, W - weak):

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	-S-
Genitive	-W-
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-S-	-W-
Accusative	-W-	-W-
Genitive	-W-	-W-
Illative	-S-	-W-
Locative	-W-	-W-
Comitative	-W-	-W-
Abessive	-W-	-W-
Essive	-S-
Partitive	-S-
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}

Palatalisation and iotated vowels

Kildin has special letters ь, ҍ and й, which change the appearance of the vowels a and э when they are after them.

1. ь + э/а > е/я:
   1. маннь + -а > мэння (ill.sg)
   2. маннь + -э > мэне (gen.pl)
2. ҍ + э/а > ӭ/ӓ:
   1. са̄ннҍ + -э > соа̄нӭ (gen.pl)
   2. са̄ннҍ + -аһта > соа̄нӓһта (dialectal abess.pl)
3. й + э/а > е/я:
   1. сайй + -а > сайя (ill.sg)
   2. сайй + -э > сэе (gen.pl)
   3. пе̄лльй + -э > пе̄лье (gen.pl)
   4. пе̄лльй + -а > пя̄ллья (ill.sg)

Cases

Nominative	Genetive
Singular: nominative vowel1 + strong grade. 1Usually same as the "base" vowel, but in cases such пуаз might be different, though doesn't participate in overall word declension.	Singular: the same as nominative plural.
Plural: via gradation or the same as nominative singular (see certain declension types).	Plural: ends with -э (-е/-ӭ) or -е after a vowel (пӯдзэ > пӯдзэе)
Accusative	Comitative
Singular: the same as nominative plural.	Singular: ends with -сьт/-эсьт/-есьт/-ӭсьт.
Plural: ends with -этҍ (-етҍ/-ӭтҍ).	Plural: ends with -нҍ/-энҍ/-енҍ/-ӭнҍ.
Illative	Abessive
Singular: In types I-II, III ends with -э/-е or -а/-я. In type IV ends with -ъе (after a consonant) or -е/-я (after a vowel). In type V ends with -э/-е. In some cases can end with -не, replacing vowel before it (цыза-цыза-цызая/цызне).	Singular: In types I-II, III ends with -ха In types IV, V ends with -аһта. Replaces the vowel before it (if there is one).
Plural: The same as accusative plural.	Plural: Ends with -ха, preserves the vowel before it (or puts it if there isn't one).
Essive	Partitive
Ends with strong grade + энҍ (-енҍ/-ӭнҍ).	Ends with strong grade + -э (-е/-ӭ) or -эдтӭ (-едтӭ/-ӭдтӭ).

Declension types

Types I-II

The most common ones. Include nouns ending with -мусс, -эсс, -эшш, -вудт.

II type differs from the I type one only by lacking of consonant gradation, which can already be specified in the template.

Should look like: {{sjd-decl/I-II|1|2|3|4|5}}

1. "Comitative" vowel
2. "Illative" vowel
3. Strong grade
4. Weak grade
5. Illative ending (with consonant cluster before it: ннта, лла, ҏҏьтэ etc.)

Notes

• Following case endings (see this section for the э/е/ӭ / а/я/ӓ behaviour):

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	-
Genitive	-
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-
Accusative	-	-этҍ [-етҍ/-ӭтҍ] (-et’ [-’et’/-’et’])
Genitive	-	-э [-е/-ӭ] (-e [-’e/-’e])
Illative	[root without a grade + parameter 5]	-этҍ [-етҍ/-ӭтҍ] (-et’ [-’et’/-’et’])
Locative	-эсьт [-есьт/-ӭсьт] (-es’t [-’es’t/-’es’t])	[=Comitative.sg]
Comitative	-энҍ [-енҍ/-ӭнҍ] (-en’ [-’en’/-’en’])	-эгуэйм [-егуэйм/-ӭгуэйм] (-eguejm [-’eguejm/-’eguejm])
Abessive	-ха (-xa)	-эха [-еха/-ӭха] (-exa [-’exa/-’exa])
Essive	[=Comitative.sg]
Partitive	[=Genetive.pl]
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}

*In Abessive plural: Dialectal forms: -аһта (Lujāvv’r), -хатта (Čudz’jāvv’r), should be marked below the table under asterisk.

• Vowel gradation
• Consonant gradation in root (non-derivative nouns) or in suffix (derivative nouns)

Type III

1. Lack of consonant gradation
2. Loss of final palatalisation in illative singular
3. Ending -ха in abessive singualar
4. Vowel gradation

Type IV

1. Ending -аһта in abessive singualar
2. Lack of vowel gradation
3. Lack of consonant gradation

Type V

1. -э/-е in illative singular
2. Ending -аһта in abessive singualar
3. Lack of vowel gradation
4. Lack of consonant gradation
5. Dropping of the final-syllable vowel according the following scheme (✓ - preserved, 🞨 - dropped):

Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
Nominative	-✓-
Genitive	-✓-
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-✓-	-✓-
Accusative	-✓-	-🞨-
Genitive	-✓-	-🞨-
Illative	-🞨-	-🞨-
Locative	-🞨-	-🞨-
Comitative	-🞨-	-🞨-
Abessive	-🞨-	-🞨-
Essive	-🞨-
Partitive	-🞨-
Possessive forms (Singular object) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Sposs}}} {{{p1_Sposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Sposs}}} {{{p2_Sposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Sposs}}} {{{p3_Sposs}}} (Multiple objects) Singular possessor Multiple possessors 1st person {{{s1_Pposs}}} {{{p1_Pposs}}} 2nd person {{{s2_Pposs}}} {{{p2_Pposs}}} 3rd person {{{s3_Pposs}}} {{{p3_Pposs}}}