User:Saranamd/Persian phonetic IPA

Based on the "Phonetics" (and partially "Phonology") chapters of The Oxford Handbook of Persian Linguistics. Note that this conflicts somewhat with the Wikipedia article on Persian phonology, which is mostly unsourced.

Consonants

Obstruents

• The coronal stops /t, d/ are realized as dental, i.e. [t̪ʰ, d̪]
• The velar stops /k, ɡ/ are realized as palatal, i.e. [cʰ, ɟ], except before /ɒː, uː, o/
• The voiceless stops and affricate /t, p, k, t͡ʃ/ are aspirated, i.e. [t̪ʰ, pʰ, cʰ, t͡ʃʰ]
  • There is some conflicting information about whether the voiceless consonants can be non-aspirated, but it seems easier to just keep them as always aspirated.
• Devoicing of voiced consonants:
  • The voiced stops and affricate /d, b, g, d͡ʒ, ɢ/ are devoiced word-finally or adjacent to a voiceless consonant, i.e. [d̪̥, b̥, ɟ̥, dʒ̥, ɢ̥].
    • You could also write this as [t, p, c, t͡ʃ, q], although this would be confusing given the existence of phonemic voiceless consonants. Maybe keep [d̥, b̥, ɟ̥, dʒ̥] but use [q] instead of [ɢ̥]?
  • /ɢ/ is also realized as [ɢ̥~q] word-initially.
  • /ɡ/ is realized as [ɡ̥] word-initially when not realized as [ɟ]. So we have [ɟæ, ɟe, ɟiː] and [ɡ̥ɒː, ɡ̥uː, ɡ̥o] word-initially
• /ɢ/ is realized as [ʁ] between vowels, and as [x] before a voiceless consonant
• All vowel-initial words have a non-phonemic glottal stop [ʔ], so the glottal stop is only phonemic within a word
• /h/ is voiced between vowels, i.e. [ɦ]

Sonorants

• /m/ is realized as [ɱ] before /f, v/
• /n/ assimilates in place of articulation with the following consonant:
  • [m] before /m, b, p/
  • [ɱ] before /f, v/
  • [n̪] before /d, t/
  • [ɲ] before [cʰ, ɟ]
  • [ŋ] before [kʰ, g]
  • [ɴ] before /ɢ/
• /l/ is devoiced word-finally, i.e. [l̥]
  • /l/ also becomes a fricative word-finally when after a voiceless consonant, i.e. [ɬ]
• /ɾ/ is most commonly realized as [ɹ] in modern Iran
  • This conflicts with the traditional analysis, in which /ɾ/ is [ɾ] between vowels and [r] word-initially, but is apparently based on recent spectrogram analysis of Iranian standard variety speakers.

Testcases

Persian	Input text	Phonemic Iranian	Phonetic Iranian
توپ (“ball”)	tōp	/tuːp/	[t̪ʰuːpʰ]
دبستان (“elementary school”)	dabistān	/dæbestɒːn/	[d̪æbest̪ʰɒːn]
کار (“work”)	kār	/kɒːɾ/	[kʰɒːɹ]
کمی (“a little”)	ˈkamē	/ˈkæmiː/	[ˈcʰæmiː]
گیج (“dizzy”)	gēj	/ɡiːd͡ʒ/	[ɟiːdʒ̥]
گل (“rose”)	gul	/ɡol/	[ɡ̥ol̥]
چند (“how many”)	čand	/t͡ʃænd/	[t͡ʃʰæn̪d̪̥]
کتابچه (“booklet”)	kitābča	/ketɒːbt͡ʃe/	[cʰetʰɒːb̥t͡ʃʰe]
سگ (“dog”)	sag	/sæg/	[sæɟ̥]
عشق (“love”)	išq	/eʃɢ/	[ʔeʃq]
قلب (“heart”)	qalb	/ɢælb/	[qælb̥]
غزال (“gazelle”)	ğazāl	/ɢæzɒːl/	[qæzɒːl̥]
گاو (“cow”)	gāw	/ɡɒːv/	[ɡ̥ɒːv]
موسیقی (“music”)	mūsīqī	/muːsiːɢiː/	[muːsiːʁiː]
نقطه (“dot”)	nuqta	/noɢte/	[noxt̪ʰe]
آهنگ (“melody”)	āhang	/ɒːhænɡ/	[ʔɒːɦæɲɟ̥]
سمفونی (“symphony”)	samfunī	/sæmfoniː/	[sæɱfoniː]
زنبور (“bee”)	zanbūr	/zænbuːɾ/	[zæmbuːɹ]
انواع (“types, kinds”)	anwā'	/ænvɒːʔ/	[ʔæɱvɒːʔ]
انگور (“grape”)	angūr	/ænɡuːɾ/	[ʔæŋɡuːɹ]
عنقا (mythical bird)	anqā	/ænɢɒː/	[ʔæɴɢɒː]
اصل (“origin”)	asl	/æsl/	[ʔæsɬ]

Vowels

Nothing special.