User:Surjection/Finnic tree

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Finnic[edit]

All nodes with children are groupings of lects. Groupings which are widely accepted as "languages" are bolded. Extinct lects or languages are marked with a cross (†). Only leaf nodes represent lects.

  • Finnic (Proto-Finnic)
    • Inland Finnic[1]
      • South Estonian
        • † Leivu (—1988)
        • Ugala[2]
          • Sakala[2]
            • Mulgi
          • Ugandi[2]
            • Tartu
            • Võro-Seto[2]
              • Võro
              • Seto
              • † Lutsi (—2006)
              • † Kraasna (—1930s)
    • Coastal Finnic[1]
      • Gulf of Riga Finnic[1]
        • Livonian
          • Courland Livonian
            • † Eastern Courland Livonian (—1900s)
            • Western Courland Livonian (—2013, revival ongoing)
          • † Salaca Livonian (—1800s)
      • Gulf of Finland Finnic[1]
        • Southern Gulf of Finland Finnic ("Central Finnic")[1]
          • Estonian proper ("North Estonian", excl. South Estonian)
            • Central Estonian[3]
            • West Estonian[3]
            • Insular Estonian[3]
            • East Estonian[3]
          • Votic
            • Western Votic[4]
              • † Central Votic (—1900s)
              • Lower Luga
            • † Eastern Votic (—1976)[4]
            • † Krevinian (—1800s)
        • Northern Gulf of Finland Finnic ("Northern Finnic")[1]
          • ? Northeastern Coastal Estonian[2]
            • Coastal Estonian[3]
            • Alutaguse Estonian[3]
          • Western Finnish[1] "Proto-Tavastian"
            • Southwestern Finnish (with (North) Estonian admixture) [reference?]
            • Core Western Finnish [reference?]
              • Tavastian Finnish
              • Ostrobothnian-Lapland Finnish (with some Karelian influence)[reference?]
                • South Ostrobothnian Finnish
                • "Northern Finnish" (with Savonian admixture)[reference?]
                  • North and Central Ostrobothnian Finnish[reference?]
                  • Lapland Finnish (with some Sami influence)[reference?]
                    • Lapland Finnish proper
                    • Meänkieli (status as an independent language is disputed)
                    • Kven (status as an independent language is disputed)
          • Proto-Karelian[1] (Proto-Ladogan)
            • Eastern Finnish[1]
              • Savonian Finnish (with Tavastian admixture)[reference?]
                • Savonian Finnish proper
                • Kainuu Finnish (with North/Central Ostrobothnian admixture)[reference?]
                • † Värmland Savonian Finnish (—1969)
              • Southeastern Finnish[reference?]
                • Southeastern (South Karelian) Finnish proper
                • Ingrian Finnish (with some - but relatively little - Savonian admixture, from 1600s onward)
            • Ingrian (Izhorian)
              • † Oredeži (Upper Luga) Ingrian (— 1960s~2015)[4]
              • † Hevaha Ingrian (— ≤2002)[4]
              • Soikkola Ingrian
              • Lower Luga Ingrian
            • Karelian (excl. Ludic)
              • Karelian Proper[5]
                • Northern (Viena) Karelian[5]
                • Southern (Suvi) Karelian[5]
                  • Southern (Suvi) Karelian (proper)
                  • Tver Karelian (incl. Tikhvin, Valdai)
              • Livvi (Olonets Karelian)[5] (with influence from the Veps branch)
          • Proto-Veps[1]
            • Ludian (Ludic) (with influence from the Karelian branch)
              • Northern (Lake) Ludian[6]
              • Central (River) Ludian[6]
              • Kuďäŕv (Forest) Ludian[6]
              • † Sakila Ludian (— 1940s-1950s)[6]
              • † Logmozero Ludian (— 1940s-1950s)[6]
            • Veps
              • Northern Veps
              • Central Veps
              • Southern Veps
          • ? Kukkuzi[7]

Literary varieties[edit]

  • Estonian: Standard Estonian is primarily based on Central Estonian varieties.
  • Finnish: Standard Finnish is a compromise between its dialects, constructed out of a Western Finnish base with considerable Eastern Finnish influence and a tendency towards preferring archaisms. Old Literary Finnish was largely based on Southwestern Finnish dialects, but this influence was levelled as a result of intentional developments in the 1800s. The exact proportions of each dialect group and their representation in the standard language is a matter of some debate.
  • Ingrian: Developed by V. I. Junus in 1936, except that the orthography used on Wiktionary is per Chernyavskij and Konkova. The literary language was suppressed and abandoned not long after, but its use has been somewhat revived starting from the 1990s. It is based on both the Soikkola and Lower Luga dialects, with some bias towards the former.
  • Karelian: Currently treated as one language on Wiktionary, even though there are separate literary languages for North Karelian and Tver Karelian, the former was developed starting from the 1990s (but has gone through major changes since then as well) and the latter first developed in the 1930s. A South Karelian literary language is also under development. No unifying literary standard exists, and Wiktionary currently accepts all three standards as equal but as subvarieties of the same language.
  • Livonian: The revival efforts are based on the only (recently) surviving dialect, the Western Curonian dialect. Historical texts were mostly based on Curonian dialects as well. While most Wiktionary entries use these forms, Salaca forms are also seen and are not currently classified as alternative forms.
  • Livvi: A written language developed in the early 2000s. Not based on any single dialect, but as a compromise.
  • Ludian: A written language developed in the early 2010s. Not based on any single dialect, but as a compromise.
  • Veps: A written language designed as a compromise between its dialects and to emphasize features specific to Veps as well as archaisms. It is however not accepted by all speakers, some of whom consider it to be too biased towards Northern Veps. A Veps literary language (based on Central Veps) was first developed in the late 1930s, but soon suppressed and abandoned.
  • Võro: Taken as a representative of all of South Estonian. However, the other varieties tend to have some kind of literary forms as well (although they are not as established), and it was the Tartu variety that had prestige historically in what is termed Old Literary South Estonian.
  • Votic: No standard exists. Only one dialect survives, however. Votic entries on Wiktionary are currently lemmatized under an orthography used by some recent works (see WT:AVOT).

Notes[edit]

The Finnic family tree has been warped in structure by copious areal influence, notable examples of which include:

  • Latvian influence on Livonian, causing it to diverge significantly
  • North Estonian influence on South Estonian, resulting in convergence
  • northern dialects in Finland, which are mixtures of Western and Eastern Finnish dialects

Example descendant tree[edit]

Type A[edit]

All groups

  • Võro: vesi
  • Coastal Finnic:
    • Livonian: vež
    • Gulf of Finland Finnic:
      • Central Finnic:
      • Northern Finnic:
        • Finnish: vesi
        • Ladogan Finnic (West Ladogan Finnic):
        • Vepsian Finnic (East Ladogan Finnic):
  • Võro: hand
  • Coastal Finnic:
  • Võro: pütsk'
  • Coastal Finnic:
    • Livonian: puțk
    • Gulf of Finland Finnic:
      • Central Finnic:
      • Northern Finnic:
        • Finnish: putki
        • Ladogan Finnic (West Ladogan Finnic):
        • Vepsian Finnic (East Ladogan Finnic):
  • Võro: nägo
  • Coastal Finnic:
    • Livonian: nä’g
    • Gulf of Finland Finnic:
  • Võro: kõrd
  • Coastal Finnic:
    • Livonian: kȭrda
    • Gulf of Finland Finnic:
      • Central Finnic:
      • Northern Finnic:
        • Finnish: kerta
        • Ladogan Finnic (West Ladogan Finnic):
        • Vepsian Finnic (East Ladogan Finnic):

Type B[edit]

Somewhat flattened from the top (post-NF groups not distinguished)

  • Võro: vesi
  • Coastal Finnic:
    • Livonian: vež
    • Gulf of Finland Finnic:

Type C[edit]

Somewhat flattened from the bottom

  • Võro: vesi
  • Livonian: vež
  • Gulf of Finland Finnic:
    • Central Finnic:
    • Northern Finnic:
      • Finnish: vesi
      • Ladogan Finnic (West Ladogan Finnic):
      • Vepsian Finnic (East Ladogan Finnic):
  • Võro: pütsk'
  • Livonian: puțk
  • Gulf of Finland Finnic:
    • Central Finnic:
    • Northern Finnic:
      • Finnish: putki
      • Ladogan Finnic (West Ladogan Finnic):
      • Vepsian Finnic (East Ladogan Finnic):
  • Võro: kõrd
  • Livonian: kȭrda
  • Gulf of Finland Finnic:
    • Central Finnic:
    • Northern Finnic:
      • Finnish: kerta
      • Ladogan Finnic (West Ladogan Finnic):
      • Vepsian Finnic (East Ladogan Finnic):

Type D[edit]

Flattened like in both type B and type C

  • Võro: vesi
  • Livonian: vež
  • Gulf of Finland Finnic:

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Itämerensuomi on EVE [1], documenting the top-level classification of Finnic by Petri Kallio
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Kallio, Petri. Vanhan kirjaeteläviron äännehistoriaa. (2018)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Pajusalu, Karl; Hennoste, Tiit; Niit, Ellen; Päll, Peeter; Viikberg; Jüri. Eesti murded ja kohanimed. 3. edition (2018)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Kuznetsova, Natalia; Markus, Elena; Muslimov, Mehmet. Finnic Minorities in Ingria: The Current Sociolinguistic Situation and Its Background. in Marten, Heiko. F.; Rießler, Michael; Saarikivi, Janne; Toivanen, Reetta (editors). Cultural and Linguistic Minorities in the Russian Federation and the European Union. Comparative Studies on Equality and Diversity (2015)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Karjalan kielen murteet. Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskuksen julkaisuja 129. Kotimaisten kielten keskus [2].
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Kujärven Obraman Fed’uun Miikul (Miikul Pahomov). Lyydien alkuperä, at the Itämerensuomen koti conference (20.10.2006).
  7. ^ Viitso, Tiit-Rein. Fennic, in Abondolo, Daniel (editor). The Uralic Languages (1998)
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