User:Surjection/urj-pro comparison
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- en.wikt: currently used on English Wiktionary, largely based on UEW
- UEW: used by Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Károly Rédei), which is hosted online under uralonet.nytud.hu
- Aikio: based on Ante Aikio's Uralic Etymological Dictionary (draft) as well as his monograph Proto-Uralic
- EVE: by Petri Kallio, used by EVE
- Zhivlov: Mikhail Zhivlov (2023): Reconstruction of Proto-Uralic, in The Uralic Languages, 2nd edition
Vowels[edit]
Initial vowels[edit]
en.wikt | *a | *e | *i | *o | *u | *ä | *ü | *ë | — | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UEW | *e̮ | *ē *ī *ū1 | ||||||||
Aikio | *i̮ | — | ||||||||
EVE | *i | ? *ï2 | *ë | |||||||
Zhivlov | *i | *e̮ |
- 1) UEW also reconstructs long vowels *ē *ī *ū for some words. However, modern consensus regarding Proto-Uralic is that it had no phonemic vowel length distinction.
- 2) According to vowel harmony; this vowel for back-vowel harmony. However, EVE's use of this is inconsistent. It is not listed in the EVE dictionary entries, but is listed in the Proto-Finnic database and is presumably their explanation for words with i-(a) vocalism in Finnic where the initial i is represented by a back vowel in some other branches (e.g. *kïśka-, *ńïla).
Non-initial vowels[edit]
en.wikt | *a | *ä | *e | |
---|---|---|---|---|
UEW | ||||
Aikio | *i | |||
EVE | *ə | ? *ǝ̑2 | ||
Zhivlov | *i |
- 2) According to vowel harmony; this vowel for back-vowel harmony. However, EVE's use of this phoneme is inconsistent. Some of their reconstructions use it (including all reconstructions in the PF database) and others do not.
Consonants[edit]
Sibilants and affricates[edit]
en.wikt | *s | *š | *ś | *ć | *č |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UEW | |||||
Aikio | *ś | ||||
EVE | *ś | *ć | |||
Zhivlov | *ć |
Palatalized sonorants[edit]
en.wikt | *ń | *ľ́ |
---|---|---|
UEW | ||
Aikio | — | |
EVE | ||
Zhivlov |
Spirants/coronals[edit]
Sometimes transcribed as *d1, *d2
en.wikt | *d/*δ3 | *ď/*δ̕3 |
---|---|---|
UEW | *δ | *δ̕ |
Aikio | *d | *ď |
EVE | ||
Zhivlov | *δ | *δʹ |
- 3) Inconsistent usage
"Laryngeal"[edit]
Possibly [ɣ] according to Aikio (2022)
en.wikt | *x |
---|---|
UEW | *γ |
Aikio | *x |
EVE | |
Zhivlov |
Additional consonants[edit]
UEW reconstructs a consonant *θ which is however not recognized by Aikio, EVE nor Zhivlov. No PU entry on en.wikt currently uses it.