Wiktionary:About Taos
Taos is a Kiowa-Tanoan language spoken in Taos Pueblo in New Mexico, USA. It is greatly underdocumented: there is no dictionary nor any full grammar of Taos.
Sources[edit]
The published documentation of Taos was collected mostly by George L. Trager and John P. Harrington.
Most of the data (including both vocabulary and a grammatical sketch) lies in
- Trager, George L. (1946). An outline of Taos grammar. In C. Osgood (Ed.), Linguistic structures in North America (pp. 184-221). New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.
Several noun forms are in
- Trager, George L. (1944). Spanish and English loanwords in Taos. International Journal of American Linguistics, 10 (4), 144-158.
A lot of information is also in Trager's footnotes of the following, which also contains two short stories in interlinear translation elicted by Trager (at the end):
- Parsons, Elsie Clews. (1940). Taos tales. Memoirs of the American Folklore Society (Vol. 34). New York.
Smaller amounts of Taos lexical data are in
- Trager, George L. (1936). The language of the pueblo of Taos. Maître Phonétique, 56, 59-62. [<= phonemic analysis differs slightly from later work, entire article (even the English part) written IPA phonetic transcription]
- Trager, George L. (1939). The days of the week in the language of Taos Pueblo, New Mexico. Language, 15, 51-55.
- Trager, George L. (1942). The historical phonology of the Tiwa languages. Studies in Linguistics, 1 (5), 1-10.
- Trager, George L. (1943). The kinship and status terms of the Tiwa languages. American Anthropologist, 45 (1), 557-571.
- Trager, George L. (1960). Taos III: Paralanguage. Anthropological Linguistics, 2 (2), 24-30.
- Trager, George L. (1960). The name of Taos, New Mexico. Anthropological Linguistics, 2 (3), 5-6.
- Trager, George L. (1961). The typology of paralanguage. Anthropological Linguistics, 3 (1), 17-21.
- Trager, George L.; & Trager, Edith Crowell. (1959). Kiowa and Tanoan. American Anthropologist, 61 (6), 1078-1083.
- Trager, George L.; & Trager, Felicia H. (1970). The cardinal directions at Taos and Picuris. Anthropological Linguistics, 12 (2), 31-37.
- Whorf, Benjamin L.; & Trager, George L. (1937). The relationship of Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan. American Anthropologist, 39, 609-624. [<= generally omits tone and stress]
Besides Trager, Harrington has a large amount of lexical data on Taos. However, Harrington's transcription is mostly phonetic whereas Trager's is phonemic. There is not a one-to-one correspondence between Harrington's symbols and Trager's. Additionally, Harrington's transcriptions do not indicate stress or tone. Harrington's main sources are
- Harrington, J. P. (1909). Notes on the Piro language. American Anthropologist, 11 (4), 563-594.
- Harrington, J. P. (1910). An introductory paper on the Tiwa language, dialect of Taos. American Anthropologist, 12 (1), 11-48.
- Harrington, J. P. (1916). Ambiguity in the Taos personal pronoun. In Holmes anniversary volume (pp. 142-156). Washington: J.W. Bryan.