ngoto
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Ternate[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Univerbation of ngori (“I”) + to- (“first-person singular clitic”)
Pronunciation[edit]
Pronoun[edit]
ngoto (possessive prefix ri)
- first-person singular pronoun, I
- ngoto hohe bahaya ― I laughed a lot
Usage notes[edit]
As the clitic here is fused with the pronoun, this pronomial form does not apply a subject clitic to the following verb.
See also[edit]
Ternate personal pronouns
| independent | subject proclitic | possessive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Informal | Formal | |||||
| 1st person singular | ngori | fangarem, fajaruf | to | ri | ||
| 2nd person singular | ngana | ngoni, jou ngoni | no | ni | ||
| 3rd person singular | unam, minaf | om, mof, inh | im, mif, manh | |||
| 1st person plural inclusive | ngone | fo | na, nga | |||
| 1st person plural exclusive | ngomi | fangare ngomim, fajaru ngomif, fara ngomi1 | mi | mi, mia | ||
| 2nd person plural | ngoni | ni | na, nia | |||
| 3rd person plural | anah, enanh | ih, nh, yoh, †, yanh, † | nah, ngah, manh | |||
- unmarked pronouns are gender non-specific
- m - masculine, f - feminine, h - human, nh - non-human
- 1 - for mixed-gender groups
- † - archaic
References[edit]
- Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
- Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh