sꜣq

See also: šꜣq

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈsaːʀaqʼ/ → /ˈsaːʀaqʼ/ → /ˈsaːʔəqʼ/ → /ˈsoːʔəqʼ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaːʀaqʼ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaːʀaqʼ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaːʔəqʼ/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsoːʔəqʼ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɑk/
  • Conventional anglicization: saq

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to gather or put together [since the Pyramid Texts]
2. (transitive, of a land) to keep in order or under control [Middle Kingdom]
3. (transitive) to fold one’s arms [19th Dynasty and Greco-Roman Period]
4. (transitive, medicine) to contract (one’s pupils or uterus) by means of medicine
5. (transitive, medicine) to hold in one’s urine

Inflection

Conjugation of sꜣq (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: sꜣq, geminated stem: sꜣqq

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
sꜣq	sꜣqw, sꜣq	sꜣqt	sꜣq	sꜣq

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
sꜣq	ḥr sꜣq	m sꜣq	r sꜣq

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	sꜣq.n	sꜣqw, sꜣq	consecutive	sꜣq.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	sꜣqt
perfective3	sꜣq	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	sꜣq.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	sꜣq	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	sꜣq	sꜣqq	potentialis1	sꜣq.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	sꜣq	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	sꜣq.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	sꜣq	active + .tj1, .tw2	sꜣq	sꜣq, sꜣqw5, sꜣqy5
imperfective	sꜣq, sꜣqy, sꜣqw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	sꜣq, sꜣqj6, sꜣqy6	sꜣq, sꜣqw5
prospective	sꜣq, sꜣqtj7	—	sꜣqtj4, sꜣqt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sꜣq  

sꜣq	sꜣq
[Pyramid Texts]	[since the Old Kingdom]
the final glyph is represented thus by Vycichl, but rendered by Černý and the Wörterbuch as an otherwise unknown sign resembling a sack.	abbreviation

Derived terms

• *sꜣq
• sꜣq-jb
• sꜣq-bꜣw
• sꜣq-ḥꜥw.f

 

Descendants

• Demotic: sq
  • Coptic: ⲥⲱⲕ (sōk)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1930) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 25–26
• Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 149
• Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, pages 186–187