Tone L
|
Infinitive
|
ukushintsha
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukushintsha
|
ukungashintshi
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
shintsha
|
-shintshe
|
Plural
|
shintshani
|
-shintsheni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyashintsha, ngishintsha
|
engishintshayo, engishintsha
|
ngishintsha
|
angishintshi
|
engingashintshi
|
ngingashintshi
|
2nd singular
|
uyashintsha, ushintsha
|
oshintshayo, oshintsha
|
ushintsha
|
awushintshi
|
ongashintshi
|
ungashintshi
|
1st plural
|
siyashintsha, sishintsha
|
esishintshayo, esishintsha
|
sishintsha
|
asishintshi
|
esingashintshi
|
singashintshi
|
2nd plural
|
niyashintsha, nishintsha
|
enishintshayo, enishintsha
|
nishintsha
|
anishintshi
|
eningashintshi
|
ningashintshi
|
Class 1
|
uyashintsha, ushintsha
|
oshintshayo, oshintsha
|
eshintsha
|
akashintshi
|
ongashintshi
|
engashintshi
|
Class 2
|
bayashintsha, bashintsha
|
abashintshayo, abashintsha
|
beshintsha
|
abashintshi
|
abangashintshi
|
bengashintshi
|
Class 3
|
uyashintsha, ushintsha
|
oshintshayo, oshintsha
|
ushintsha
|
awushintshi
|
ongashintshi
|
ungashintshi
|
Class 4
|
iyashintsha, ishintsha
|
eshintshayo, eshintsha
|
ishintsha
|
ayishintshi
|
engashintshi
|
ingashintshi
|
Class 5
|
liyashintsha, lishintsha
|
elishintshayo, elishintsha
|
lishintsha
|
alishintshi
|
elingashintshi
|
lingashintshi
|
Class 6
|
ayashintsha, ashintsha
|
ashintshayo, ashintsha
|
eshintsha
|
awashintshi
|
angashintshi
|
engashintshi
|
Class 7
|
siyashintsha, sishintsha
|
esishintshayo, esishintsha
|
sishintsha
|
asishintshi
|
esingashintshi
|
singashintshi
|
Class 8
|
ziyashintsha, zishintsha
|
ezishintshayo, ezishintsha
|
zishintsha
|
azishintshi
|
ezingashintshi
|
zingashintshi
|
Class 9
|
iyashintsha, ishintsha
|
eshintshayo, eshintsha
|
ishintsha
|
ayishintshi
|
engashintshi
|
ingashintshi
|
Class 10
|
ziyashintsha, zishintsha
|
ezishintshayo, ezishintsha
|
zishintsha
|
azishintshi
|
ezingashintshi
|
zingashintshi
|
Class 11
|
luyashintsha, lushintsha
|
olushintshayo, olushintsha
|
lushintsha
|
alushintshi
|
olungashintshi
|
lungashintshi
|
Class 14
|
buyashintsha, bushintsha
|
obushintshayo, obushintsha
|
bushintsha
|
abushintshi
|
obungashintshi
|
bungashintshi
|
Class 15
|
kuyashintsha, kushintsha
|
okushintshayo, okushintsha
|
kushintsha
|
akushintshi
|
okungashintshi
|
kungashintshi
|
Class 17
|
kuyashintsha, kushintsha
|
okushintshayo, okushintsha
|
kushintsha
|
akushintshi
|
okungashintshi
|
kungashintshi
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngishintshile, ngishintshē
|
engishintshile, engishintshē
|
ngishintshile, ngishintshē
|
angishintshanga
|
engingashintshanga
|
ngingashintshanga
|
2nd singular
|
ushintshile, ushintshē
|
oshintshile, oshintshē
|
ushintshile, ushintshē
|
awushintshanga
|
ongashintshanga
|
ungashintshanga
|
1st plural
|
sishintshile, sishintshē
|
esishintshile, esishintshē
|
sishintshile, sishintshē
|
asishintshanga
|
esingashintshanga
|
singashintshanga
|
2nd plural
|
nishintshile, nishintshē
|
enishintshile, enishintshē
|
nishintshile, nishintshē
|
anishintshanga
|
eningashintshanga
|
ningashintshanga
|
Class 1
|
ushintshile, ushintshē
|
oshintshile, oshintshē
|
eshintshile, eshintshē
|
akashintshanga
|
ongashintshanga
|
engashintshanga
|
Class 2
|
bashintshile, bashintshē
|
abashintshile, abashintshē
|
beshintshile, beshintshē
|
abashintshanga
|
abangashintshanga
|
bengashintshanga
|
Class 3
|
ushintshile, ushintshē
|
oshintshile, oshintshē
|
ushintshile, ushintshē
|
awushintshanga
|
ongashintshanga
|
ungashintshanga
|
Class 4
|
ishintshile, ishintshē
|
eshintshile, eshintshē
|
ishintshile, ishintshē
|
ayishintshanga
|
engashintshanga
|
ingashintshanga
|
Class 5
|
lishintshile, lishintshē
|
elishintshile, elishintshē
|
lishintshile, lishintshē
|
alishintshanga
|
elingashintshanga
|
lingashintshanga
|
Class 6
|
ashintshile, ashintshē
|
ashintshile, ashintshē
|
eshintshile, eshintshē
|
awashintshanga
|
angashintshanga
|
engashintshanga
|
Class 7
|
sishintshile, sishintshē
|
esishintshile, esishintshē
|
sishintshile, sishintshē
|
asishintshanga
|
esingashintshanga
|
singashintshanga
|
Class 8
|
zishintshile, zishintshē
|
ezishintshile, ezishintshē
|
zishintshile, zishintshē
|
azishintshanga
|
ezingashintshanga
|
zingashintshanga
|
Class 9
|
ishintshile, ishintshē
|
eshintshile, eshintshē
|
ishintshile, ishintshē
|
ayishintshanga
|
engashintshanga
|
ingashintshanga
|
Class 10
|
zishintshile, zishintshē
|
ezishintshile, ezishintshē
|
zishintshile, zishintshē
|
azishintshanga
|
ezingashintshanga
|
zingashintshanga
|
Class 11
|
lushintshile, lushintshē
|
olushintshile, olushintshē
|
lushintshile, lushintshē
|
alushintshanga
|
olungashintshanga
|
lungashintshanga
|
Class 14
|
bushintshile, bushintshē
|
obushintshile, obushintshē
|
bushintshile, bushintshē
|
abushintshanga
|
obungashintshanga
|
bungashintshanga
|
Class 15
|
kushintshile, kushintshē
|
okushintshile, okushintshē
|
kushintshile, kushintshē
|
akushintshanga
|
okungashintshanga
|
kungashintshanga
|
Class 17
|
kushintshile, kushintshē
|
okushintshile, okushintshē
|
kushintshile, kushintshē
|
akushintshanga
|
okungashintshanga
|
kungashintshanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāshintsha
|
engāshintsha
|
ngāshintsha
|
angishintshanga
|
engingashintshanga
|
ngingashintshanga
|
2nd singular
|
wāshintsha
|
owāshintsha
|
wāshintsha
|
awushintshanga
|
ongashintshanga
|
ungashintshanga
|
1st plural
|
sāshintsha
|
esāshintsha
|
sāshintsha
|
asishintshanga
|
esingashintshanga
|
singashintshanga
|
2nd plural
|
nāshintsha
|
enāshintsha
|
nāshintsha
|
anishintshanga
|
eningashintshanga
|
ningashintshanga
|
Class 1
|
wāshintsha
|
owāshintsha
|
āshintsha
|
akashintshanga
|
ongashintshanga
|
engashintshanga
|
Class 2
|
bāshintsha
|
abāshintsha
|
bāshintsha
|
abashintshanga
|
abangashintshanga
|
bengashintshanga
|
Class 3
|
wāshintsha
|
owāshintsha
|
wāshintsha
|
awushintshanga
|
ongashintshanga
|
ungashintshanga
|
Class 4
|
yāshintsha
|
eyāshintsha
|
yāshintsha
|
ayishintshanga
|
engashintshanga
|
ingashintshanga
|
Class 5
|
lāshintsha
|
elāshintsha
|
lāshintsha
|
alishintshanga
|
elingashintshanga
|
lingashintshanga
|
Class 6
|
āshintsha
|
āshintsha
|
āshintsha
|
awashintshanga
|
angashintshanga
|
engashintshanga
|
Class 7
|
sāshintsha
|
esāshintsha
|
sāshintsha
|
asishintshanga
|
esingashintshanga
|
singashintshanga
|
Class 8
|
zāshintsha
|
ezāshintsha
|
zāshintsha
|
azishintshanga
|
ezingashintshanga
|
zingashintshanga
|
Class 9
|
yāshintsha
|
eyāshintsha
|
yāshintsha
|
ayishintshanga
|
engashintshanga
|
ingashintshanga
|
Class 10
|
zāshintsha
|
ezāshintsha
|
zāshintsha
|
azishintshanga
|
ezingashintshanga
|
zingashintshanga
|
Class 11
|
lwāshintsha
|
olwāshintsha
|
lwāshintsha
|
alushintshanga
|
olungashintshanga
|
lungashintshanga
|
Class 14
|
bāshintsha
|
obāshintsha
|
bāshintsha
|
abushintshanga
|
obungashintshanga
|
bungashintshanga
|
Class 15
|
kwāshintsha
|
okwāshintsha
|
kwāshintsha
|
akushintshanga
|
okungashintshanga
|
kungashintshanga
|
Class 17
|
kwāshintsha
|
okwāshintsha
|
kwāshintsha
|
akushintshanga
|
okungashintshanga
|
kungashintshanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingashintsha
|
—
|
ngingashintsha
|
ngingeshintshe
|
—
|
ngingeshintshe
|
2nd singular
|
ungashintsha
|
—
|
ungashintsha
|
ungeshintshe
|
—
|
ungeshintshe
|
1st plural
|
singashintsha
|
—
|
singashintsha
|
singeshintshe
|
—
|
singeshintshe
|
2nd plural
|
ningashintsha
|
—
|
ningashintsha
|
ningeshintshe
|
—
|
ningeshintshe
|
Class 1
|
angashintsha
|
—
|
engashintsha
|
angeshintshe
|
—
|
engeshintshe
|
Class 2
|
bangashintsha
|
—
|
bengashintsha
|
bangeshintshe
|
—
|
bengeshintshe
|
Class 3
|
ungashintsha
|
—
|
ungashintsha
|
ungeshintshe
|
—
|
ungeshintshe
|
Class 4
|
ingashintsha
|
—
|
ingashintsha
|
ingeshintshe
|
—
|
ingeshintshe
|
Class 5
|
lingashintsha
|
—
|
lingashintsha
|
lingeshintshe
|
—
|
lingeshintshe
|
Class 6
|
angashintsha
|
—
|
engashintsha
|
angeshintshe
|
—
|
engeshintshe
|
Class 7
|
singashintsha
|
—
|
singashintsha
|
singeshintshe
|
—
|
singeshintshe
|
Class 8
|
zingashintsha
|
—
|
zingashintsha
|
zingeshintshe
|
—
|
zingeshintshe
|
Class 9
|
ingashintsha
|
—
|
ingashintsha
|
ingeshintshe
|
—
|
ingeshintshe
|
Class 10
|
zingashintsha
|
—
|
zingashintsha
|
zingeshintshe
|
—
|
zingeshintshe
|
Class 11
|
lungashintsha
|
—
|
lungashintsha
|
lungeshintshe
|
—
|
lungeshintshe
|
Class 14
|
bungashintsha
|
—
|
bungashintsha
|
bungeshintshe
|
—
|
bungeshintshe
|
Class 15
|
kungashintsha
|
—
|
kungashintsha
|
kungeshintshe
|
—
|
kungeshintshe
|
Class 17
|
kungashintsha
|
—
|
kungashintsha
|
kungeshintshe
|
—
|
kungeshintshe
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizoshintsha
|
engizoshintsha
|
ngizoshintsha
|
angizushintsha
|
engingezushintsha
|
ngingezushintsha
|
2nd singular
|
uzoshintsha
|
ozoshintsha
|
uzoshintsha
|
awuzushintsha
|
ongezushintsha
|
ungezushintsha
|
1st plural
|
sizoshintsha
|
esizoshintsha
|
sizoshintsha
|
asizushintsha
|
esingezushintsha
|
singezushintsha
|
2nd plural
|
nizoshintsha
|
enizoshintsha
|
nizoshintsha
|
anizushintsha
|
eningezushintsha
|
ningezushintsha
|
Class 1
|
uzoshintsha
|
ozoshintsha
|
ezoshintsha
|
akazushintsha
|
ongezushintsha
|
engezushintsha
|
Class 2
|
bazoshintsha
|
abazoshintsha
|
bezoshintsha
|
abazushintsha
|
abangezushintsha
|
bengezushintsha
|
Class 3
|
uzoshintsha
|
ozoshintsha
|
uzoshintsha
|
awuzushintsha
|
ongezushintsha
|
ungezushintsha
|
Class 4
|
izoshintsha
|
ezoshintsha
|
izoshintsha
|
ayizushintsha
|
engezushintsha
|
ingezushintsha
|
Class 5
|
lizoshintsha
|
elizoshintsha
|
lizoshintsha
|
alizushintsha
|
elingezushintsha
|
lingezushintsha
|
Class 6
|
azoshintsha
|
azoshintsha
|
ezoshintsha
|
awazushintsha
|
angezushintsha
|
engezushintsha
|
Class 7
|
sizoshintsha
|
esizoshintsha
|
sizoshintsha
|
asizushintsha
|
esingezushintsha
|
singezushintsha
|
Class 8
|
zizoshintsha
|
ezizoshintsha
|
zizoshintsha
|
azizushintsha
|
ezingezushintsha
|
zingezushintsha
|
Class 9
|
izoshintsha
|
ezoshintsha
|
izoshintsha
|
ayizushintsha
|
engezushintsha
|
ingezushintsha
|
Class 10
|
zizoshintsha
|
ezizoshintsha
|
zizoshintsha
|
azizushintsha
|
ezingezushintsha
|
zingezushintsha
|
Class 11
|
luzoshintsha
|
oluzoshintsha
|
luzoshintsha
|
aluzushintsha
|
olungezushintsha
|
lungezushintsha
|
Class 14
|
buzoshintsha
|
obuzoshintsha
|
buzoshintsha
|
abuzushintsha
|
obungezushintsha
|
bungezushintsha
|
Class 15
|
kuzoshintsha
|
okuzoshintsha
|
kuzoshintsha
|
akuzushintsha
|
okungezushintsha
|
kungezushintsha
|
Class 17
|
kuzoshintsha
|
okuzoshintsha
|
kuzoshintsha
|
akuzushintsha
|
okungezushintsha
|
kungezushintsha
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyoshintsha
|
engiyoshintsha
|
ngiyoshintsha
|
angiyushintsha
|
engingeyushintsha
|
ngingeyushintsha
|
2nd singular
|
uyoshintsha
|
oyoshintsha
|
uyoshintsha
|
awuyushintsha
|
ongeyushintsha
|
ungeyushintsha
|
1st plural
|
siyoshintsha
|
esiyoshintsha
|
siyoshintsha
|
asiyushintsha
|
esingeyushintsha
|
singeyushintsha
|
2nd plural
|
niyoshintsha
|
eniyoshintsha
|
niyoshintsha
|
aniyushintsha
|
eningeyushintsha
|
ningeyushintsha
|
Class 1
|
uyoshintsha
|
oyoshintsha
|
eyoshintsha
|
akayushintsha
|
ongeyushintsha
|
engeyushintsha
|
Class 2
|
bayoshintsha
|
abayoshintsha
|
beyoshintsha
|
abayushintsha
|
abangeyushintsha
|
bengeyushintsha
|
Class 3
|
uyoshintsha
|
oyoshintsha
|
uyoshintsha
|
awuyushintsha
|
ongeyushintsha
|
ungeyushintsha
|
Class 4
|
iyoshintsha
|
eyoshintsha
|
iyoshintsha
|
ayiyushintsha
|
engeyushintsha
|
ingeyushintsha
|
Class 5
|
liyoshintsha
|
eliyoshintsha
|
liyoshintsha
|
aliyushintsha
|
elingeyushintsha
|
lingeyushintsha
|
Class 6
|
ayoshintsha
|
ayoshintsha
|
eyoshintsha
|
awayushintsha
|
angeyushintsha
|
engeyushintsha
|
Class 7
|
siyoshintsha
|
esiyoshintsha
|
siyoshintsha
|
asiyushintsha
|
esingeyushintsha
|
singeyushintsha
|
Class 8
|
ziyoshintsha
|
eziyoshintsha
|
ziyoshintsha
|
aziyushintsha
|
ezingeyushintsha
|
zingeyushintsha
|
Class 9
|
iyoshintsha
|
eyoshintsha
|
iyoshintsha
|
ayiyushintsha
|
engeyushintsha
|
ingeyushintsha
|
Class 10
|
ziyoshintsha
|
eziyoshintsha
|
ziyoshintsha
|
aziyushintsha
|
ezingeyushintsha
|
zingeyushintsha
|
Class 11
|
luyoshintsha
|
oluyoshintsha
|
luyoshintsha
|
aluyushintsha
|
olungeyushintsha
|
lungeyushintsha
|
Class 14
|
buyoshintsha
|
obuyoshintsha
|
buyoshintsha
|
abuyushintsha
|
obungeyushintsha
|
bungeyushintsha
|
Class 15
|
kuyoshintsha
|
okuyoshintsha
|
kuyoshintsha
|
akuyushintsha
|
okungeyushintsha
|
kungeyushintsha
|
Class 17
|
kuyoshintsha
|
okuyoshintsha
|
kuyoshintsha
|
akuyushintsha
|
okungeyushintsha
|
kungeyushintsha
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngishintshe
|
ngingashintshi
|
2nd singular
|
ushintshe
|
ungashintshi
|
1st plural
|
sishintshe
|
singashintshi
|
2nd plural
|
nishintshe
|
ningashintshi
|
Class 1
|
ashintshe
|
angashintshi
|
Class 2
|
bashintshe
|
bangashintshi
|
Class 3
|
ushintshe
|
ungashintshi
|
Class 4
|
ishintshe
|
ingashintshi
|
Class 5
|
lishintshe
|
lingashintshi
|
Class 6
|
ashintshe
|
angashintshi
|
Class 7
|
sishintshe
|
singashintshi
|
Class 8
|
zishintshe
|
zingashintshi
|
Class 9
|
ishintshe
|
ingashintshi
|
Class 10
|
zishintshe
|
zingashintshi
|
Class 11
|
lushintshe
|
lungashintshi
|
Class 14
|
bushintshe
|
bungashintshi
|
Class 15
|
kushintshe
|
kungashintshi
|
Class 17
|
kushintshe
|
kungashintshi
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngashintsha
|
ngangashintsha, angashintsha, angangashintsha
|
2nd singular
|
washintsha
|
wangashintsha, awashintsha, awangashintsha
|
1st plural
|
sashintsha
|
sangashintsha, asashintsha, asangashintsha
|
2nd plural
|
nashintsha
|
nangashintsha, anashintsha, anangashintsha
|
Class 1
|
washintsha
|
wangashintsha, akashintsha, akangashintsha
|
Class 2
|
bashintsha
|
bangashintsha, abashintsha, abangashintsha
|
Class 3
|
washintsha
|
wangashintsha, awashintsha, awangashintsha
|
Class 4
|
yashintsha
|
yangashintsha, ayashintsha, ayangashintsha
|
Class 5
|
lashintsha
|
langashintsha, alashintsha, alangashintsha
|
Class 6
|
ashintsha
|
angashintsha, awashintsha, awangashintsha
|
Class 7
|
sashintsha
|
sangashintsha, asashintsha, asangashintsha
|
Class 8
|
zashintsha
|
zangashintsha, azashintsha, azangashintsha
|
Class 9
|
yashintsha
|
yangashintsha, ayashintsha, ayangashintsha
|
Class 10
|
zashintsha
|
zangashintsha, azashintsha, azangashintsha
|
Class 11
|
lwashintsha
|
lwangashintsha, alwashintsha, alwangashintsha
|
Class 14
|
bashintsha
|
bangashintsha, abashintsha, abangashintsha
|
Class 15
|
kwashintsha
|
kwangashintsha, akwashintsha, akwangashintsha
|
Class 17
|
kwashintsha
|
kwangashintsha, akwashintsha, akwangashintsha
|