عجم
Arabic[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From the root ع ج م (ʕ-j-m). The word عَجَم (ʕajam, “non-Arabs”) is from a pre-Islamic form أَعْجَم (ʔaʕjam), from the root ع ج م (ʕ-j-m), referring to people who speak unclearly (thus reflecting the same semantic evolution as Ancient Greek βάρβαρος (bárbaros, “barbarian”)).
Noun[edit]
عَجَم • (ʕajam) m (collective, singulative عَجَمِيّ m (ʕajamiyy), plural أَعْجَام (ʔaʕjām))
- non-Arabs (as foreigners or barbarians)
- (historical) Persians.
- Synonym: فُرْس (furs)
Usage notes[edit]
- The affective value attributed to the word depends on the point of view of the user, and the historical period. For example, it had a markedly negative connotation during the Umayyad period, whereas it was often quite positive in the Abbasid period, when Iranians had much political and social influence.
Declension[edit]
Collective | basic collective triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَجَم ʕajam |
الْعَجَم al-ʕajam |
عَجَم ʕajam |
Nominative | عَجَمٌ ʕajamun |
الْعَجَمُ al-ʕajamu |
عَجَمُ ʕajamu |
Accusative | عَجَمًا ʕajaman |
الْعَجَمَ al-ʕajama |
عَجَمَ ʕajama |
Genitive | عَجَمٍ ʕajamin |
الْعَجَمِ al-ʕajami |
عَجَمِ ʕajami |
Singulative | basic singulative triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَجَمِي ʕajamī |
الْعَجَمِي al-ʕajamī |
عَجَمِي ʕajamī |
Nominative | عَجَمِيٌّ ʕajamiyyun |
الْعَجَمِيُّ al-ʕajamiyyu |
عَجَمِيُّ ʕajamiyyu |
Accusative | عَجَمِيًّا ʕajamiyyan |
الْعَجَمِيَّ al-ʕajamiyya |
عَجَمِيَّ ʕajamiyya |
Genitive | عَجَمِيٍّ ʕajamiyyin |
الْعَجَمِيِّ al-ʕajamiyyi |
عَجَمِيِّ ʕajamiyyi |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | عَجَمِيَّيْن ʕajamiyyayn |
الْعَجَمِيَّيْن al-ʕajamiyyayn |
عَجَمِيَّيْ ʕajamiyyay |
Nominative | عَجَمِيَّانِ ʕajamiyyāni |
الْعَجَمِيَّانِ al-ʕajamiyyāni |
عَجَمِيَّا ʕajamiyyā |
Accusative | عَجَمِيَّيْنِ ʕajamiyyayni |
الْعَجَمِيَّيْنِ al-ʕajamiyyayni |
عَجَمِيَّيْ ʕajamiyyay |
Genitive | عَجَمِيَّيْنِ ʕajamiyyayni |
الْعَجَمِيَّيْنِ al-ʕajamiyyayni |
عَجَمِيَّيْ ʕajamiyyay |
Paucal (3-10) | sound masculine paucal | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَجَمِيِّين ʕajamiyyīn |
الْعَجَمِيِّين al-ʕajamiyyīn |
عَجَمِيِّي ʕajamiyyī |
Nominative | عَجَمِيُّونَ ʕajamiyyūna |
الْعَجَمِيُّونَ al-ʕajamiyyūna |
عَجَمِيُّو ʕajamiyyū |
Accusative | عَجَمِيِّينَ ʕajamiyyīna |
الْعَجَمِيِّينَ al-ʕajamiyyīna |
عَجَمِيِّي ʕajamiyyī |
Genitive | عَجَمِيِّينَ ʕajamiyyīna |
الْعَجَمِيِّينَ al-ʕajamiyyīna |
عَجَمِيِّي ʕajamiyyī |
Plural of variety | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَعْجَام ʔaʕjām |
الْأَعْجَام al-ʔaʕjām |
أَعْجَام ʔaʕjām |
Nominative | أَعْجَامٌ ʔaʕjāmun |
الْأَعْجَامُ al-ʔaʕjāmu |
أَعْجَامُ ʔaʕjāmu |
Accusative | أَعْجَامًا ʔaʕjāman |
الْأَعْجَامَ al-ʔaʕjāma |
أَعْجَامَ ʔaʕjāma |
Genitive | أَعْجَامٍ ʔaʕjāmin |
الْأَعْجَامِ al-ʔaʕjāmi |
أَعْجَامِ ʔaʕjāmi |
Synonyms[edit]
- أَعْجَم (ʔaʕjam)
Antonyms[edit]
- عَرَب (ʕarab)
Related terms[edit]
- عَجَمِيّ (ʕajamiyy)
- إِعْجَام (ʔiʕjām, “dots added to letters to distinguish between them”)
- مُعْجَم (muʕjam, “dictionary”)
- عُجْمَة (ʕujma, “a confused and obscure way of speaking”)
Descendants[edit]
- Gulf Arabic: عَيَم (ʕayam)
- → Azerbaijani: əcəm
- → Chagatai: عجم
- → Middle Armenian: աճամ (ačam)
- → Persian: عجم ('ajam)
- → Swahili: Uajemi
Verb[edit]
عَجَمَ • (ʕajama) I, non-past يَعْجُمُ (yaʕjumu)
Conjugation[edit]
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
عَجْم ʕajm | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
ʕājim | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
maʕjūm | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ʕajamtu |
ʕajamta |
عَجَمَ ʕajama |
ʕajamtumā |
ʕajamā |
ʕajamnā |
ʕajamtum |
ʕajamū | |||
f | ʕajamti |
ʕajamat |
ʕajamatā |
ʕajamtunna |
ʕajamna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔaʕjumu |
taʕjumu |
yaʕjumu |
taʕjumāni |
yaʕjumāni |
naʕjumu |
taʕjumūna |
yaʕjumūna | |||
f | taʕjumīna |
taʕjumu |
taʕjumāni |
taʕjumna |
yaʕjumna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔaʕjuma |
taʕjuma |
yaʕjuma |
taʕjumā |
yaʕjumā |
naʕjuma |
taʕjumū |
yaʕjumū | |||
f | taʕjumī |
taʕjuma |
taʕjumā |
taʕjumna |
yaʕjumna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔaʕjum |
taʕjum |
yaʕjum |
taʕjumā |
yaʕjumā |
naʕjum |
taʕjumū |
yaʕjumū | |||
f | taʕjumī |
taʕjum |
taʕjumā |
taʕjumna |
yaʕjumna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | uʕjum |
uʕjumā |
uʕjumū |
||||||||
f | uʕjumī |
uʕjumna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ʕujimtu |
ʕujimta |
عُجِمَ ʕujima |
ʕujimtumā |
ʕujimā |
ʕujimnā |
ʕujimtum |
ʕujimū | |||
f | ʕujimti |
ʕujimat |
ʕujimatā |
ʕujimtunna |
ʕujimna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuʕjamu |
tuʕjamu |
yuʕjamu |
tuʕjamāni |
yuʕjamāni |
nuʕjamu |
tuʕjamūna |
yuʕjamūna | |||
f | tuʕjamīna |
tuʕjamu |
tuʕjamāni |
tuʕjamna |
yuʕjamna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuʕjama |
tuʕjama |
yuʕjama |
tuʕjamā |
yuʕjamā |
nuʕjama |
tuʕjamū |
yuʕjamū | |||
f | tuʕjamī |
tuʕjama |
tuʕjamā |
tuʕjamna |
yuʕjamna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuʕjam |
tuʕjam |
yuʕjam |
tuʕjamā |
yuʕjamā |
nuʕjam |
tuʕjamū |
yuʕjamū | |||
f | tuʕjamī |
tuʕjam |
tuʕjamā |
tuʕjamna |
yuʕjamna |
Verb[edit]
عَجَّمَ • (ʕajjama) II, non-past يُعَجِّمُ (yuʕajjimu)
- to point the text, to write distinguishing marks to it
Conjugation[edit]
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
taʕjīm | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
muʕajjim | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
muʕajjam | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ʕajjamtu |
ʕajjamta |
عَجَّمَ ʕajjama |
ʕajjamtumā |
ʕajjamā |
ʕajjamnā |
ʕajjamtum |
ʕajjamū | |||
f | ʕajjamti |
ʕajjamat |
ʕajjamatā |
ʕajjamtunna |
ʕajjamna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuʕajjimu |
tuʕajjimu |
yuʕajjimu |
tuʕajjimāni |
yuʕajjimāni |
nuʕajjimu |
tuʕajjimūna |
yuʕajjimūna | |||
f | tuʕajjimīna |
tuʕajjimu |
tuʕajjimāni |
tuʕajjimna |
yuʕajjimna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuʕajjima |
tuʕajjima |
yuʕajjima |
tuʕajjimā |
yuʕajjimā |
nuʕajjima |
tuʕajjimū |
yuʕajjimū | |||
f | tuʕajjimī |
tuʕajjima |
tuʕajjimā |
tuʕajjimna |
yuʕajjimna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuʕajjim |
tuʕajjim |
yuʕajjim |
tuʕajjimā |
yuʕajjimā |
nuʕajjim |
tuʕajjimū |
yuʕajjimū | |||
f | tuʕajjimī |
tuʕajjim |
tuʕajjimā |
tuʕajjimna |
yuʕajjimna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | عَجِّمْ ʕajjim |
ʕajjimā |
ʕajjimū |
||||||||
f | ʕajjimī |
ʕajjimna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ʕujjimtu |
ʕujjimta |
عُجِّمَ ʕujjima |
ʕujjimtumā |
ʕujjimā |
ʕujjimnā |
ʕujjimtum |
ʕujjimū | |||
f | ʕujjimti |
ʕujjimat |
ʕujjimatā |
ʕujjimtunna |
ʕujjimna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuʕajjamu |
tuʕajjamu |
yuʕajjamu |
tuʕajjamāni |
yuʕajjamāni |
nuʕajjamu |
tuʕajjamūna |
yuʕajjamūna | |||
f | tuʕajjamīna |
tuʕajjamu |
tuʕajjamāni |
tuʕajjamna |
yuʕajjamna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuʕajjama |
tuʕajjama |
yuʕajjama |
tuʕajjamā |
yuʕajjamā |
nuʕajjama |
tuʕajjamū |
yuʕajjamū | |||
f | tuʕajjamī |
tuʕajjama |
tuʕajjamā |
tuʕajjamna |
yuʕajjamna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuʕajjam |
tuʕajjam |
yuʕajjam |
tuʕajjamā |
yuʕajjamā |
nuʕajjam |
tuʕajjamū |
yuʕajjamū | |||
f | tuʕajjamī |
tuʕajjam |
tuʕajjamā |
tuʕajjamna |
yuʕajjamna |
Noun[edit]
عَجْم • (ʕajm) m
- verbal noun of عَجَمَ (ʕajama) (form I)
Declension[edit]
Noun[edit]
عَجَم • (ʕajam) m (collective, singulative عَجَمَة f (ʕajama))
Declension[edit]
Collective | basic collective triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَجَم ʕajam |
الْعَجَم al-ʕajam |
عَجَم ʕajam |
Nominative | عَجَمٌ ʕajamun |
الْعَجَمُ al-ʕajamu |
عَجَمُ ʕajamu |
Accusative | عَجَمًا ʕajaman |
الْعَجَمَ al-ʕajama |
عَجَمَ ʕajama |
Genitive | عَجَمٍ ʕajamin |
الْعَجَمِ al-ʕajami |
عَجَمِ ʕajami |
Singulative | singulative triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَجَمَة ʕajama |
الْعَجَمَة al-ʕajama |
عَجَمَة ʕajamat |
Nominative | عَجَمَةٌ ʕajamatun |
الْعَجَمَةُ al-ʕajamatu |
عَجَمَةُ ʕajamatu |
Accusative | عَجَمَةً ʕajamatan |
الْعَجَمَةَ al-ʕajamata |
عَجَمَةَ ʕajamata |
Genitive | عَجَمَةٍ ʕajamatin |
الْعَجَمَةِ al-ʕajamati |
عَجَمَةِ ʕajamati |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | عَجَمَتَيْن ʕajamatayn |
الْعَجَمَتَيْن al-ʕajamatayn |
عَجَمَتَيْ ʕajamatay |
Nominative | عَجَمَتَانِ ʕajamatāni |
الْعَجَمَتَانِ al-ʕajamatāni |
عَجَمَتَا ʕajamatā |
Accusative | عَجَمَتَيْنِ ʕajamatayni |
الْعَجَمَتَيْنِ al-ʕajamatayni |
عَجَمَتَيْ ʕajamatay |
Genitive | عَجَمَتَيْنِ ʕajamatayni |
الْعَجَمَتَيْنِ al-ʕajamatayni |
عَجَمَتَيْ ʕajamatay |
Paucal (3-10) | sound feminine paucal | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَجَمَات ʕajamāt |
الْعَجَمَات al-ʕajamāt |
عَجَمَات ʕajamāt |
Nominative | عَجَمَاتٌ ʕajamātun |
الْعَجَمَاتُ al-ʕajamātu |
عَجَمَاتُ ʕajamātu |
Accusative | عَجَمَاتٍ ʕajamātin |
الْعَجَمَاتِ al-ʕajamāti |
عَجَمَاتِ ʕajamāti |
Genitive | عَجَمَاتٍ ʕajamātin |
الْعَجَمَاتِ al-ʕajamāti |
عَجَمَاتِ ʕajamāti |
References[edit]
- Gabrieli, F. (1986) “ʿAdjam”, in Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed., vol. I, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 206
Azerbaijani[edit]
Noun[edit]
عجم
- Arabic spelling of əcəm
Proper noun[edit]
عجم
- Arabic spelling of Əcəm
Ottoman Turkish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Borrowed from Classical Persian عَجَم sg (ʿajam /ʾajam/, “an Ajam, a Persian”), from Arabic اَلْعَجَمُ m (al-ʕajamu, “the Ajams, the Persians”, definite nominative collective), which is related to أَعْجَمٌ m sg (ʔaʕjamun, indefinite nominative adjective).
Noun[edit]
عجم • (Acem)
Descendants[edit]
Persian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Borrowed from Arabic عَجَم (ʕajam, “non-Arab, Persian”).
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [ʔa.d͡ʒam]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [ʔæ.d͡ʒæm]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [ʔä.d͡ʒäm]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | ajam |
Dari reading? | ajam |
Iranian reading? | ajam |
Tajik reading? | ajam |
Noun[edit]
عجم • ('ajam)
Proper noun[edit]
عجم • ('ajam)
- Iran; Persia
- Synonym: ایران (irân)
- c. 1010, Abū'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, شاهنامه [Shāhnāma]:
- بسی رنج بردم در این سال سی
عجم زنده کردم بدین پارسی- basê ranj burdam dar în sâl sî
ajam zinda kardam bad-în pârsî - Much toil have I borne in these thirty years,
I have revived Persia with this Persian [work].
- basê ranj burdam dar în sâl sî
- c. 1542, Jamālī Dihlawī, مثنوی مهر و ماه [Masnavī-yi mihr u māh]:
- ز بعد مکه سیرم در عجم بود
ولی بی هند خاطر می نیاسود- ze ba'd-i makka sayr-am dar ajam bûd
walî bê hind xâtir mê nay-âsûd - After Mecca, my journey was in Iran
But without India, my heart found no rest.
- ze ba'd-i makka sayr-am dar ajam bûd
Descendants[edit]
- Arabic terms belonging to the root ع ج م
- Arabic lemmas
- Arabic nouns
- Arabic collective nouns
- Arabic masculine nouns
- Arabic terms with historical senses
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote collective
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote singulative
- Arabic nouns with sound masculine paucal
- Arabic nouns with broken plural
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote broken plural
- Arabic verbs
- Arabic form-I verbs
- Arabic sound verbs by conjugation
- Arabic sound form-I verbs
- Arabic sound verbs
- Arabic verbs with full passive
- Arabic transitive verbs
- Arabic form-II verbs
- Arabic sound form-II verbs
- Arabic verbal nouns
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote singular
- Arabic nouns with triptote singulative in -a
- Arabic nouns with sound feminine paucal
- Azerbaijani lemmas
- Azerbaijani nouns
- Azerbaijani terms in Arabic script
- Azerbaijani proper nouns
- Ottoman Turkish terms borrowed from Classical Persian
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Classical Persian
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Arabic
- Ottoman Turkish lemmas
- Ottoman Turkish nouns
- Persian terms borrowed from Arabic
- Persian terms derived from Arabic
- Persian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Persian lemmas
- Persian nouns
- Persian proper nouns
- Persian terms with quotations