𑀘𑁂𑀯

Ashokan Prakrit

Etymology

From Sanskrit चैव (caiva), from च (ca) +‎ एव (evá). By surface analysis, 𑀘 (ca) +‎ 𑀏𑀯 (eva).

Particle

𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva) (Delhi-Topra, Dhauli, Girnar, Jaugada, Kalsi, Lauriya-Araraj)

1. and indeed

Alternative forms

Attested at Delhi-Topra, Dhauli, Girnar, Jaugada, Kalsi and Lauriya-Araraj.

Dialectal forms of 𑀘𑁂𑀯 (“and indeed”)
Variety	Location	Forms edit
Central	Kalsi	𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva), 𑀘𑁂𑀯𑀸 (cevā)
	Delhi-Topra	𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva), 𑀘𑁂𑀯𑀸 (cevā)
	Lauriya-Araraj	𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva)
East	Dhauli	𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva)
	Jaugada	𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva)
Northwest	Shahbazgarhi	𐨕𐨅𐨬 (ceva)
	Mansehra	𐨕𐨅𐨬 (ceva)
West	Girnar	𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva)

Map of dialectal forms of 𑀘𑁂𑀯 (“and indeed”)
𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva) (6) 𑀘𑁂𑀯𑀸 (cevā) (2) 𐨕𐨅𐨬 (ceva) (2)

Descendants

• Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva)
• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀘𑀺𑀅 (cia), 𑀘𑁂𑀅 (cea); 𑀘𑀺𑀬 (ciya), 𑀘𑁂𑀬 (ceya), 𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva)
  • Konkani: -c (suffix used to denote emphasis)

    Devanagari script: -च

    Kannada script: -ಚ್

    Latin script: -ch

  • Old Marathi:

    Devanagari script: -च (-ca), -चि (-ci)

    Modi script: -𑘓 (-ca), -𑘓𑘲 (-cī)

    • Marathi: -च (-ca)
      • → Hindi: -ईच (-īc) (dialectal)
• Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀘𑁂𑀅 (cea)

References

• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “caiva”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press