Appendix:Chambeali Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Chambeali, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List[edit]
| № | English | Chambeali चम्बयाली (cambayālī) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | मैं (ma͠i) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | तू (tū), तुसा (tusā), तुसे (tuse) (respect) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | से (se), ओ (o), एह (eh) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | असि (asi), असे (ase), असा (asā) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | तुसे (tuse) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | से (se), ओ (o), एह (eh), तिन्हआं (tinhaā̃) |
| 7 | this | एह (eh), इस (is), ईसा (īsā) |
| 8 | that | ओ (o), सो (so), से (se) |
| 9 | here | इते (ite) |
| 10 | there | तिते (tite), उते (ute) |
| 11 | who | कुनी (kunī), कुण (kuṇ), कुसी (kusī) |
| 12 | what | केह (keh) |
| 13 | where | कुते (kute), किस (kis) (place) |
| 14 | when | क़दों (qadõ), कद (kad), जदों (jadõ), जद (jad) |
| 15 | how | किहाँ (kihā̃), किदेह (kideh) |
| 16 | not | ना (nā), नि (ni) |
| 17 | all | सारे (sāre), सभि (sabhi), सभनि (sabhni) |
| 18 | many | मते (mate) |
| 19 | some | थोड़े (thoṛe), किछ (kich) |
| 20 | few | थोड़ा (thoṛā), ज़रा कर (zarā kar) |
| 21 | other | होर (hor) |
| 22 | one | इक (ik) |
| 23 | two | दो (do) |
| 24 | three | तिन (tin), त्रै (trai) |
| 25 | four | चार (cār) |
| 26 | five | पंज (pañj) |
| 27 | big | बड्डा (baḍḍā) |
| 28 | long | लम्मा (lammā) |
| 29 | wide | चपटा (capṭā) |
| 30 | thick | घणा (ghaṇā) |
| 31 | heavy | भारी (bhārī) |
| 32 | small | हल्का (halkā) |
| 33 | short | होच्छा (hocchā) |
| 34 | narrow | हिट्टा (hiṭṭā) |
| 35 | thin | पतला (patlā) |
| 36 | woman | जनानी (janānī) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | मड्द (maḍd) |
| 38 | man (human being) | माणू (māṇū) |
| 39 | child | निक्का (nikkā) |
| 40 | wife | लाड़ी (lāṛī) |
| 41 | husband | लाड़ा (lāṛā) |
| 42 | mother | अम्मा (ammā) |
| 43 | father | बाबा (bābā) |
| 44 | animal | जीव (jīv) |
| 45 | fish | मच्छी (macchī) |
| 46 | bird | चिड़ू (ciṛū) |
| 47 | dog | कुत्ता (kuttā) |
| 48 | louse | जूं (jū̃) |
| 49 | snake | कीड़ा (kīṛā) |
| 50 | worm | बच्चीड़ा (baccīṛā) |
| 51 | tree | बुट (buṭ) |
| 52 | forest | बण (baṇ) |
| 53 | stick | लकड़ी (lakṛī) |
| 54 | fruit | फल (phal) |
| 55 | seed | बी (bī) |
| 56 | leaf | पट्ठा (paṭṭhā) |
| 57 | root | सीर (sīr) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | सिक्कड़ (sikkaṛ) |
| 59 | flower | फुल (phul) |
| 60 | grass | घा (ghā) |
| 61 | rope | रस्सी (rassī) |
| 62 | skin | चमड़ी (camṛī) |
| 63 | meat | मीट (mīṭ) |
| 64 | blood | खून (khūn) |
| 65 | bone | हड्ड (haḍḍ) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | फबेरा (phaberā) |
| 67 | egg | अण्ढेर (aṇḍher) |
| 68 | horn | सिंग (siṅg) |
| 69 | tail | चुमठ (cumaṭh) |
| 70 | feather | फंघ (phaṅgh) |
| 71 | hair | बाल (bāl) |
| 72 | head | मुण्डी (muṇḍī), सर (sar) |
| 73 | ear | कन्न (kann) |
| 74 | eye | हख (hakh) |
| 75 | nose | नक (nak) |
| 76 | mouth | मुहं (muhã) |
| 77 | tooth | दन्द (dand) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | जिभ (jibh) |
| 79 | fingernail | नैंह (na͠ih) |
| 80 | foot | पैर (pair) |
| 81 | leg | जंघ (jaṅgh) |
| 82 | knee | जाणू (jāṇū) |
| 83 | hand | हथ (hath) |
| 84 | wing | फंघ (phaṅgh) |
| 85 | belly | पेट (peṭ), ढीड (ḍhīḍ) |
| 86 | guts | आन्तड़ी (āntaṛī) |
| 87 | neck | गला (galā) |
| 88 | back | पिठ (piṭh) |
| 89 | breast | चिच्चू (ciccū), छाती (chātī) |
| 90 | heart | दिल (dil) |
| 91 | liver | कलेजा (kalejā), जिगरा (jigrā) |
| 92 | to drink | पीणा (pīṇā) |
| 93 | to eat | खाणा (khāṇā) |
| 94 | to bite | दन्दे देणा (dande deṇā) |
| 95 | to suck | चूसणा (cūsṇā) |
| 96 | to spit | थुकणा (thukṇā) |
| 97 | to vomit | ऊलटी करना (ūlṭī karnā) |
| 98 | to blow | फूक मारना (phūk mārnā) |
| 99 | to breathe | साह लेणा (sāh leṇā) |
| 100 | to laugh | हसणा (hasṇā) |
| 101 | to see | दिखणा (dikhṇā) |
| 102 | to hear | सुणना (suṇnā) |
| 103 | to know | जाणना (jāṇnā) |
| 104 | to think | सोचणा (socṇā) |
| 105 | to smell | मुस्क (musk) |
| 106 | to fear | डरना (ḍarnā) |
| 107 | to sleep | सोयी जाणा (soyī jāṇā) |
| 108 | to live | जीणा (jīṇā) |
| 109 | to die | मरी जाणा (marī jāṇā) |
| 110 | to kill | मारी छडणा (mārī chaḍṇā) |
| 111 | to fight | लड़ीणा (laṛīṇā) |
| 112 | to hunt | सिकार करना (sikār karnā) |
| 113 | to hit | कुटणा (kuṭṇā) |
| 114 | to cut | कटणा (kaṭṇā) |
| 115 | to split | बखेरना (bakhernā) |
| 116 | to stab | घ्रोपणा (ghropṇā) |
| 117 | to scratch | पचोरना (pacornā) |
| 118 | to dig | खणना (khaṇnā) |
| 119 | to swim | तैरणा (tairṇā) |
| 120 | to fly | ऊडरना (ūḍarnā) |
| 121 | to walk | चलणा (calṇā) |
| 122 | to come | औणा (auṇā) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | लेटणा (leṭṇā), लमहीणा (lamhīṇā) |
| 124 | to sit | बैहणा (baihṇā) |
| 125 | to stand | खड़ीणा (khaṛīṇā) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | पल्टीणा (palṭīṇā) |
| 127 | to fall | छुड़कणा (chuṛakṇā) |
| 128 | to give | देणा (deṇā) |
| 129 | to hold | पकड़ना (pakaṛnā) |
| 130 | to squeeze | निचोड़ना (nicoṛnā) |
| 131 | to rub | घसणा (ghasṇā) |
| 132 | to wash | धूणा (dhūṇā) |
| 133 | to wipe | सोतणा (sotṇā) |
| 134 | to pull | छिकणा (chikṇā) |
| 135 | to push | गोता देणा (gotā deṇā) |
| 136 | to throw | सुटणा (suṭṇā) |
| 137 | to tie | बन्हणा (banhaṇā) |
| 138 | to sew | सीणा (sīṇā) |
| 139 | to count | गिणना (giṇnā) |
| 140 | to say | ग्लाणा (glāṇā) |
| 141 | to sing | गाणा (gāṇā) |
| 142 | to play | ख़ेडणा (xeḍṇā) |
| 143 | to float | तरना (tarnā) |
| 144 | to flow | रूढ़ना (rūṛhnā) |
| 145 | to freeze | जमणा (jamṇā) |
| 146 | to swell | अफ़रना (afarnā) |
| 147 | sun | ध्याहड़ा (dhyāhṛā) |
| 148 | moon | चाँद (cā̃d), शुक्लि (śukli) |
| 149 | star | तारा (tārā) |
| 150 | water | पाणी (pāṇī) |
| 151 | rain | बरख्या (barakhyā) |
| 152 | river | दरिया (dariyā) |
| 153 | lake | तला (talā), डिभर (ḍibhar) |
| 154 | sea | समंदर (samandar) |
| 155 | salt | लूण (lūṇ) |
| 156 | stone | घोड़ (ghoṛ), टोल (ṭol), पत्थर (patthar) |
| 157 | sand | रेत (ret), बालू (bālū) |
| 158 | dust | धूड़ (dhūṛ) |
| 159 | earth | धरत (dharat) |
| 160 | cloud | बद्दल (baddal) |
| 161 | fog | धूँरी (dhū̃rī), न्याहर (nyāhar) |
| 162 | sky | सुरग (surag), असमाण (asmāṇ) |
| 163 | wind | ब्यार (byār) |
| 164 | snow | हिंऊँ (hĩū̃) |
| 165 | ice | बर्फ़ (barf) |
| 166 | smoke | धूँ (dhū̃) |
| 167 | fire | अग (ag) |
| 168 | ash | धूड़ (dhūṛ), पटह (paṭah) |
| 169 | to burn | फ़ुकना (fuknā) |
| 170 | road | सड़क (saṛak) |
| 171 | mountain | पहाड़ (pahāṛ), धार (dhār) |
| 172 | red | लाल (lāl) |
| 173 | green | नीला (nīlā) |
| 174 | yellow | पीला (pīlā) |
| 175 | white | चिट्टा (ciṭṭā) |
| 176 | black | काला (kālā) |
| 177 | night | राती (rātī) |
| 178 | day | दिने (dine) |
| 179 | year | साल (sāl) |
| 180 | warm | तता (tatā) |
| 181 | cold | ठण्डा (ṭhaṇḍā) |
| 182 | full | भरा (bharā) |
| 183 | new | नौआँ (nauā̃) |
| 184 | old | पुराणा (purāṇā) |
| 185 | good | बधिया (badhiyā) |
| 186 | bad | ख़राब (xarāb) |
| 187 | rotten | सड़िया (saṛiyā) |
| 188 | dirty | गंदा (gandā) |
| 189 | straight | सिधा (sidhā) |
| 190 | round | ग़ोल (ġol) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | पैना (painā) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | खुन्नहा (khunnahā) |
| 193 | smooth | चिकना (ciknā) |
| 194 | wet | सिना (sinā) |
| 195 | dry | सुका (sukā) |
| 196 | correct | ठीक (ṭhīk) |
| 197 | near | नेड़े (neṛe) |
| 198 | far | दूर (dūr) |
| 199 | right | देहणा (dehṇā) |
| 200 | left | खबा (khabā) |
| 201 | at | पर (par) |
| 202 | in | अंदर (andar), मते (mate) |
| 203 | with | सौगी (saugī), कने (kane) |
| 204 | and | ते (te), कने (kane) |
| 205 | if | जे (je) |
| 206 | because | कीजे (kīje) |
| 207 | name | नॉ (nŏ) |