Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sparāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *sparōną (late)

Etymology

From *sparaz (“sparing, frugal”) +‎ *-āną

Verb

*sparāną

1. to be thrifty; be conservative; be sparing

Inflection

Conjugation of *sparāną (weak class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*sparō	?	—	?	?
2nd singular	*sparaisi	?	*sparai	*sparāsai	?
3rd singular	*sparaiþi	?	*sparāþau	*sparāþai	?
1st dual	*sparōs	?	—	—	—
2nd dual	*sparāþiz	?	*sparāþiz	—	—
1st plural	*sparāmaz	?	—	*sparānþai	?
2nd plural	*sparaiþ	?	*sparaiþ	*sparānþai	?
3rd plural	*sparānþi	?	*sparānþau	*sparānþai	?
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*sparadǭ	*sparadēdį̄
2nd singular	*sparadēz	*sparadēdīz
3rd singular	*sparadē	*sparadēdī
1st dual	*sparadēdū	*sparadēdīw
2nd dual	*sparadēdudiz	*sparadēdīdiz
1st plural	*sparadēdum	*sparadēdīm
2nd plural	*sparadēdud	*sparadēdīd
3rd plural	*sparadēdun	*sparadēdīn
	present	past
participles	*sparāndz	*sparadaz

Related terms

• *sparaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *sparēn
  • Old English: sparian
    • Middle English: sparien, sparen
      • Scots: spar, spair
      • English: spare
  • Old Frisian: sparia, spara
    • Saterland Frisian: spoarje
    • West Frisian: sparje
  • Old Saxon: sparōn
    • Middle Low German: sparen
      • German Low German: sparen
    • → Old Dutch: *sparon
      • Middle Dutch: sparen
        • Dutch: sparen
  • Old High German: sparēn, sparōn
    • Middle High German: sparn
      • German: sparen
      • Yiddish: שפּאָרן (shporn)
        • Esperanto: ŝpari
      • Luxembourgish: spueren
  • → Vulgar Latin: sparāniō (attested in the Reichenau Glossary)
    • Italo-Romance:
      • Italian: sparagnare ⇒ risparmiare
        • Central dialects: sparagnà ⇒ risparagnà, resparagnà, risparmià, risparambià
      • Neapolitan: sparagnà
      • Sicilian: sparagnari
    • Padanian:
      • Emilian: sparmier, sparer ⇒ rasparar, arsparmier
      • Lombard: spargnar, sparmir
      • Piedmontese: spargné
      • Romagnol: sparmier, sparanear ⇒ arpsamear
    • Northern Gallo-Romance:
      • Franc-Comtois: éparmaî
      • Franco-Provençal: épargnèr, éparmar

        Valdôtain: éparmir

      • Old Bourgignon: arsparmer, esparmer
        • ⇒ Bourguignon: reparmer
      • Old French: espargnier, esparigner, esparnier, esparnir, esparner, aperner
        • French: épargner
      • Walloon: spârgnî
    • Southern Gallo-Romance:
      • Occitan: esparnhar
• Old Norse: spara
  • Icelandic: spara
  • Faroese: spara
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: spara
  • Old Swedish: spara
    • Swedish: spara
  • Danish: spare
    • Norwegian Bokmål: spare