あばく

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Japanese[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Alternative spellings
暴く
発く

Recorded since at least the early 1100s CE.[1] Likely cognate with adjective 荒ら (abara, “with large gaps, wide open; wild, ruined”), verb 暴れる (abareru, “to be disorderly, to be wild, to be violent”). Possibly also cognate with adjective 淡い (awai, “faint, slight (as of a color or emotion); inconsistent, disjointed, flippant, frivolous (as of thought or behavior)”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

あばく • (abaku) transitive godan (stem あばき (abaki), past あばいた (abaita))

  1. 暴く, 発く: to dig something up or out, to excavate or exhume something
    Synonym: 発掘する (hakkutsu suru)
  2. 暴く, 発く: to open something previously closed, to unrestrict something, to cut something loose or free
  3. 暴く, 発く: to disclose (a secret), to expose (a crime), to lay bare, to divulge
    • Tanaka Corpus
      彼(かれ)らの秘(ひ)密(みつ)が全(ぜん)部(ぶ)暴(あば)かれた。
      Karera no himitsu ga zenbu abakareta.
      All their secrets have been revealed.
    Synonyms: (more colloquial) ばらす (barasu), (more formal) 暴露する (bakuro suru)
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of "あばく" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") あばか abaka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") あばき abaki
Shūshikei ("terminal") あばく abaku
Rentaikei ("attributive") あばく abaku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") あばけ abake
Meireikei ("imperative") あばけ abake
Key constructions
Passive あばかれる abakareru
Causative あばかせる
あばかす 		abakaseru
abakasu
Potential あばける abakeru
Volitional あばこう abakō
Negative あばかない abakanai
Negative continuative あばかず abakazu
Formal あばきます abakimasu
Perfective あばいた abaita
Conjunctive あばいて abaite
Hypothetical conditional あばけば abakeba
Classical conjugation of "あばく" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) あばか abaka
Continuative (連用形) あばき abaki
Terminal (終止形) あばく abaku
Attributive (連体形) あばく abaku
Realis (已然形) あばけ abake
Imperative (命令形) あばけ abake
Key constructions
Negative あばかず abakazu
Contrasting conjunction あばけど abakedo
Causal conjunction あばけば abakeba
Conditional conjunction あばかば abakaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) あばきき abakiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) あばきけり abakikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) あばきつ abakitu
Perfect tense (natural event) あばきぬ abakinu
Perfect-continuative tense あばけり
あばきたり		 abakeri
abakitari
Volitional あばかむ abakamu
Related terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Alternative spelling
褫く

Unclear. May derive from the 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) form of abaku above, possibly as a sense development. Compare the English expressions cut loose, let loose → let go in the sense of let oneself go → become unkempt, to go to ruin.

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

あばく • (abaku) intransitive †nidan

  1. 褫く: (obsolete) to become sparse, to grow wild, to fall apart, to fall into ruin
    Synonyms: 剥げる (hageru), 崩れ落ちる (kuzureochiru), 崩壊する (hōkai suru)
  2. 褫く: (obsolete) to be careless
    Synonym: 油断する (yudan suru)
Usage notes[edit]

Superseded in modern Japanese by the form あばける (abakeru), as the expected regular development of the earlier 下二段 (shimo nidan, “lower bigrade”) form. The sense also appears to have shifted somewhat, with a modern emphasis on to be careless; to mess around in Gunma prefecture, and to be wild, to be unrestrained in Yamanashi prefecture.

Usage might be restricted to regional dialects. This term does not appear in various dictionaries that focus on standard Japanese.[1][2][4][6]

Conjugation[edit]
Classical conjugation of "あばく" (カ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) あばけ abake
Continuative (連用形) あばけ abake
Terminal (終止形) あばく abaku
Attributive (連体形) あばくる abakuru
Realis (已然形) あばくれ abakure
Imperative (命令形) あばけよ abakeyo
Key constructions
Negative あばけず abakezu
Contrasting conjunction あばくれど abakuredo
Causal conjunction あばくれば abakureba
Conditional conjunction あばけば abakeba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) あばけき abakeki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) あばけけり abakekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) あばけつ abaketu
Perfect tense (natural event) あばけぬ abakenu
Perfect-continuative tense あばけたり abaketari
Volitional あばけむ abakemu
Derived terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Unknown. Listed in the Nippo Jisho of 1603.[1][7]

May be related to the above forms of abaku from the general sense of unrestrainedness.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Pitch accent uncertain.

Verb[edit]

あばく • (abaku) intransitive †yodan

  1. (rare, apparently colloquial, possibly obsolete, mainly in the negative) to fit into a space
    Synonym: 収まる (osamaru)
    Cono ninjuga cono zaxiqini abacanu.
    Esta gente não cabe neste Zaxiqi.[7]
    This many people won't fit in these seats.
  2. (rare, apparently colloquial, possibly obsolete, mainly in the positive) to overflow, to overabound, to be too much
    Synonyms: 溢れる (afureru), 余る (amaru)
Usage notes[edit]

Seems to have fallen out of use; not included in many dictionaries.[2][4][6] No kanji spelling is used in available historical materials.[1]

The two senses provided by the Nippo Jisho have almost opposite meanings, which may suggest a mistake.

Conjugation[edit]
Classical conjugation of "あばく" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) あばか abaka
Continuative (連用形) あばき abaki
Terminal (終止形) あばく abaku
Attributive (連体形) あばく abaku
Realis (已然形) あばけ abake
Imperative (命令形) あばけ abake
Key constructions
Negative あばかず abakazu
Contrasting conjunction あばけど abakedo
Causal conjunction あばけば abakeba
Conditional conjunction あばかば abakaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) あばきき abakiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) あばきけり abakikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) あばきつ abakitu
Perfect tense (natural event) あばきぬ abakinu
Perfect-continuative tense あばけり
あばきたり		 abakeri
abakitari
Volitional あばかむ abakamu

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ^ “あば・く 【褫】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) Paid subscription required‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ishizuka, Harumichi (1976 [1603]) 日葡辞書: パリ本 [Nippo Jisho: Paris edition / Vocabulary of the Language of Japan]‎[2] (overall work in Japanese and Portuguese), Tōkyō: Bensei Publishing, text here, the third entry under the highlighted heading, listed as “Abaqi”
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