けり
Japanese[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
⟨ki1 ari⟩ → ⟨ke1ri⟩ → */kʲeri/ → /keri/
From Old Japanese けり (ke1ri).
Contraction of 来 (ki, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 来 (ku), modern 来る (kuru), “to come”) + あり (ari, “to be”), or of き (-ki, the Old Japanese and classical Japanese verb auxiliary suffix indicating past recollection) + あり (ari, “to be”).[1][2][3]
Although Japanese sources are consistent in listing past-recollective auxiliary suffix き (-ki) as a possible root,[1][2][3] this auxiliary notably had no known 連用形 (ren'yōkei), the conjugation form required for an inflecting word (such as a verb or adjective) to compound with another inflecting word. Thus, the 来 (ki) derivation seems more likely.
The “ending” sense is an extension of the first suffix sense because it is often used at the end of a poem.[2][3]
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
- (Classical Japanese) indicating past tense: -ed
- c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
- 今は昔竹取の翁といふものありけり
- ima wa mukashi taketori no okina to iu mono arikeri
- Long ago there was an old man who cut bamboo.
- 今は昔竹取の翁といふものありけり
- c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
- (Classical Japanese) indicating the speaker has just realized something
- 905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 2, poem 90)
- ふるさととなりにし奈良の都にも色はかはらず花は咲きけり
- furusato to narinishi Nara no miyako ni mo iro wa kawarazu hana wa sakikeri
- Even in the capital of Nara, now an older town, the flowers bloomed just as colorfully, didn't they.
- ふるさととなりにし奈良の都にも色はかはらず花は咲きけり
- 905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 2, poem 90)
Conjugation[edit]
Stem forms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | けら | kera | ||
Continuative (連用形) | けり | keri | ||
Terminal (終止形) | けり | keri | ||
Attributive (連体形) | ける | keru | ||
Realis (已然形) | けれ | kere | ||
Imperative (命令形) | けれ | kere | ||
Key constructions | ||||
Negative | けらず | kerazu | ||
Contrasting conjunction | けれど | keredo | ||
Causal conjunction | ければ | kereba | ||
Conditional conjunction | けらば | keraba | ||
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | けりき | keriki | ||
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | けりけり | kerikeri | ||
Perfect tense (conscious action) | けりつ | keritu | ||
Perfect tense (natural event) | けりぬ | kerinu | ||
Perfect-continuative tense | けりたり[1] | keritari | ||
Volitional | けらむ | keramu | ||
[1]Often proscribed due to a redundancy of having 2 あり. |
Usage notes[edit]
- Follows the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of inflectable words.
- The first sense is mostly used when the speaker was not a witness, but was rather told about the event described, as opposed to き (-ki). But, it can also be used to describe direct experiences.
- The second sense is most notably used at the end of a poem to denote an exclamatory tone.
- This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.
Derived terms[edit]
Idioms[edit]
Noun[edit]
- an ending, conclusion
Idioms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
Unknown. Possibly metonymy from 蹴り (keri, “kicking; kicker”) from the verb 蹴る (keru, “to kick”). Compare English kicks.
Appears to be specific to northern Honshū.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- Sample of Tsugaru dialect - kuroishi kankou kyoukai (in Japanese)
Etymology 3[edit]
Readings of various kanji.
Noun[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Old Japanese[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Contraction of 來 (ki1, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 來 (ku), “to come”) + あり (ari, “to be”), or of き (-ki1, verb auxiliary suffix indicating past recollection) + あり (ari, “to be”).[1][2][3]
Although Japanese sources are consistent in listing past-recollective auxiliary suffix き (-ki1) as a possible root,[1][2][3] this auxiliary notably had no known 連用形 (ren'yōkei), the conjugation form required for an inflecting word (such as a verb or adjective) to compound with another inflecting word. Thus, the 來 (ki1) derivation seems more likely.
Suffix[edit]
けり (-ke1ri)
- auxiliary verb indicating past tense: -ed
- 711–712, Kojiki, (poem 40):
- 許能美岐袁迦美祁牟比登波曾能都豆美宇須迩多弖弖宇多比都都迦美祁禮迦母麻比都都迦美祁禮加母許能美岐能美岐能阿夜迩宇多陀怒斯佐佐
- ko2no2 mi1-ki1 wo kami1ke1mu pi1to2 pa so2no2 tudumi1 usu ni tatete utapi1tutu kami1ke1re ka mo2 mapi1tutu kami1ke1re ka mo2 ko2no2 mi1-ki1 no2 mi1-ki1 no2 aya ni uta-dano1si sasa
- The man who brewed this fine sake surely used his great drum for a brewing vessel. Did he sing and sing while it brewed? Did he dance and dance while it brewed? For this fine sake, fine sake, makes us all quite merry! Good fortune![4]
- auxiliary verb indicating that the speaker has just realized something
- auxiliary verb indicating that the speaker already realized something and points out a rationale: that's why it was...
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Usage notes[edit]
- Follows the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of inflectable words.
Conjugation[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
- なりけり (narike1ri)
Descendants[edit]
- Japanese: けり (-keri)
Etymology 2[edit]
⟨ki1 ari⟩ → ⟨ke1ri⟩
Verb[edit]
けり (ke1ri)
Conjugation[edit]
Stem forms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | けら | kera | ||
Continuative (連用形) | けり | keri | ||
Terminal (終止形) | けり | keri | ||
Attributive (連体形) | ける | keru | ||
Realis (已然形) | けれ | kere | ||
Imperative (命令形) | けれ | kere | ||
Key constructions | ||||
Negative | けらず | kerazu | ||
Contrasting conjunction | けれど | keredo | ||
Causal conjunction | ければ | kereba | ||
Conditional conjunction | けらば | keraba | ||
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | けりき | keriki | ||
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | けりけり | kerikeri | ||
Perfect tense (conscious action) | けりつ | keritu | ||
Perfect tense (natural event) | けりぬ | kerinu | ||
Perfect-continuative tense | けりたり[1] | keritari | ||
Volitional | けらむ | keramu | ||
[1]Often proscribed due to a redundancy of having 2 あり. |
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Jin'ichi Konishi (2017) Nicholas Teele, transl., Earl Roy Miner, editor, A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1: The Archaic and Ancient Ages (Volume 4935 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 151
- ^ Clifton Wilson Royston (1974) The poetic and poetry criticism of Fujiwara Shunzei (1114-1204), University of Michigan, page 491
- ^ Gananath Obeyesekere (1998) Alf Hiltebeitel, Barbara D. Miller, editors, Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures, illustrated edition, SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 95
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