伸べる

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
伸
の Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Classical Japanese verb のぶ (nobu). Cognate with Japanese 延(の)べる (noberu) and 述(の)べる (noberu).

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) のべ​る [nòbéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [no̞be̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

伸(の)べる • (noberu) transitive ichidan (stem 伸(の)べ (nobe), past 伸(の)べた (nobeta))

Japanese verb pair
active	伸べる
mediopassive	伸びる

1. to lengthen, to extend

   手(て)を伸(の)べて助(たす)けおこす

   te o nobete tasuke okosu

   to extend hands out and help someone up

2. to unfold; to deploy

   布団(ふとん)を伸(の)べる

   futon o noberu

   to unfold the quilt

3. to flatten shape; to crush

   飴(あめ)を伸(の)べる

   ame o noberu

   to flatten the sugar

   金(きん)を伸(の)べる

   kin o noberu

   to beat the gold into leaves

4. (archaic) to relax

Conjugation

Conjugation of "伸べる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	伸べ	のび	nobi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	伸べ	のび	nobi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	伸べる	のびる	nobiru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	伸べる	のびる	nobiru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	伸べれ	のびれ	nobire
Meireikei ("imperative")	伸べよ¹ 伸べろ²	のびよ¹ のびろ²	nobiyo¹ nobiro²
Key constructions
Passive	伸べられる	のびられる	nobirareru
Causative	伸べさせる 伸べさす	のびさせる のびさす	nobisaseru nobisasu
Potential	伸べられる 伸べれる³	のびられる のびれる³	nobirareru nobireru³
Volitional	伸べよう	のびよう	nobiyō
Negative	伸べない 伸べぬ 伸べん	のびない のびぬ のびん	nobinai nobinu nobin
Negative continuative	伸べず	のびず	nobizu
Formal	伸べます	のびます	nobimasu
Perfective	伸べた	のびた	nobita
Conjunctive	伸べて	のびて	nobite
Hypothetical conditional	伸べれば	のびれば	nobireba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential