芝

See also: 艺

芝	U+829D, 芝 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-829D

← 芜
[U+829C]

CJK Unified Ideographs

芞 →
[U+829E]

芝	U+2F991, 芝 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F991

← 芋
[U+2F990]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement

劳 →
[U+2F992]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

芝 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+3, 7 strokes in traditional Chinese, 6 strokes in mainland China and Japanese and Korean, cangjie input 廿戈弓人 (TINO), four-corner 4430₇, composition ⿱艹之)

Derived characters[edit]

𡝳, 徔, 𪫿, 𣷸, 𣔰, 𤦧, 𮐘

References[edit]

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1019, character 15
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30699
Dae Jaweon: page 1477, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3176, character 5
Unihan data for U+829D

Unihan data for U+2F991

Chinese[edit]

trad.		芝
simp. ^#		芝
alternative forms		𦭩

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 芝
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (之) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
之	*tjɯ
芝	*tjɯ
志	*tjɯs
痣	*tjɯs
娡	*tjɯs
誌	*tjɯs
蚩	*tʰjɯ
妛	*tʰjɯ
嗤	*tʰjɯ
媸	*tʰjɯ
旹	*djɯ
滍	*diʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯ) : semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 之 (OC *tjɯ) – a type of plant.

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zhī (zhi¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄓ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zi¹
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zi¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): zi¹
Gan (Wiktionary): zi¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chṳ̂

(Meixian, Guangdong): zi¹
Jin (Wiktionary): zi¹
Northern Min (KCR): cí
Eastern Min (BUC): ciĕ
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chi

(Teochew, Peng'im): ze¹
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ¹tsy
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zhr¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhī
  - Zhuyin: ㄓ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhih
  - Wade–Giles: chih¹
  - Yale: jr̄
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jy
  - Palladius: чжи (čži)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: zi¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: z
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sz̩⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zi¹
  - Yale: jī
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzi¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ji¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siː⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: zi¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡si³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: zi¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sz̩⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳ̂
  - Hakka Romanization System: zii´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zi¹
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨ²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: zi¹
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sz̩⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zi¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sz̩¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cí
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡si⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ciĕ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sie⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chi
  - Tâi-lô: tsi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cy
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡si⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡si³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡si⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡si⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡si⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ze¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsṳ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɯ³³/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ¹tsy
  - MiniDict: tsy^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹tsr
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sz̩⁵³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: zhr¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³³/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡sz̩³³/

Middle Chinese: tsyi

Rime
Character	芝
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	止而切
Baxter	tsyi
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨ/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕɨ/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕie/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cɨ/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiə/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭə/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhī
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zi¹

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*tjɯ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	芝
Reading #	1/1
No.	17189
Phonetic component	之
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	之
Old Chinese	/*tjɯ/

Definitions[edit]

芝

lingzhi; Ganoderma
靈芝／灵芝 ― língzhī ― lingzhi
Alternative form of 芷
Used in 芝麻 (zhīma, “sesame”).
Used in 芝城 (Zhīchéng, “city of Chicago”).
a surname

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

芝

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

turf, lawn, grass

Readings[edit]

Go-on: し (shi)
Kan-on: し (shi)
Kun: しば (shiba, 芝, Jōyō); しざま (shizama)
Nanori: こげ (koge); しは (shiha); しば (shiba); しはざき (shihazaki); しばさき (shibasaki); しばざき (shibazaki); しばたか (shibataka)

Etymology 1[edit]

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

芝

Wikipedia ^ja

芝: common grass, especially as found in lawns.

Kanji in this term
芝
しば Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. One of the oldest attested words in the Japanese language, used in the Man'yōshū and Nihon Shoki.

This character usually means a type of fungus in Chinese. However, it was also used phonetically in 芝麻 (*chimæ, “sesame”) (modern Mandarin 芝麻 (zhīmá)), and it seems that the Japanese use of this character for the sense of grass may have come from this sesame sense in Chinese.

Pronunciation[edit]

(Tokyo) しば [shìbá] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ɕiba̠]

Noun[edit]

芝(しば) • (shiba)

grass, turf, green
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3508:
  
  芝(しば)付(つき)乃(の)　御(み)宇(う)良(ら)佐(さ)伎(き)奈流(なる)　根(ね)都(つ)古(こ)具(ぐ)佐(さ)　安(あ)比(ひ)見(み)受(ず)安(あ)良(ら)婆(ば)　安(あ)礼(れ)古(こ)非(ひ)米(め)夜(や)母(も)。
  Shibatsuki no Miurasaki naru netsukogusa ahi mizu araba are kohi meyamo.
  The anemone flowers on grassy Miura Point; if we hadn't seen each other, I probably wouldn't be so in love.
Short for 芝見 (shibami): hiding in the grass and spying on one's enemies or scouting out the situation; a spy in the grass

Derived terms[edit]

Derived terms

芝(しば)草(くさ) (shibakusa): longer form of 芝(しば) (shiba)
芝(しば)居(い) (shibai)
芝(しば)屋(や) (shibaya): archaic synonym of 芝(しば)居(い) (shibai)
芝(しば)生(ふ) (shibafu)
芝(しば)地(ち) (shibachi): synonym of 芝(しば)生(ふ) (shibafu)
芝(しば)芋(いも) (shibaimo)
芝(しば)引(ひき) (shibahiki)
芝(しば)浦(うら) (shibaura)
芝(しば)浜(はま) (shibahama): synonym of 芝(しば)浦(うら) (shibaura), or a type of rakugo
芝(しば)火(び) (shibabi)
芝(しば)蝦(えび) (shiba ebi), 芝(しば)海(え)老(び) (shiba ebi)
芝(しば)刈(かり) (shiba kari)
芝(しば)刈(かり)機(き) (shiba kariki)
芝(しば)起(おこし) (shiba okoshi)
芝(しば)の砌(みぎり) (shiba no migiri)
芝(しば)居(い)唄(うた) (shibai uta)
芝(しば)居(い)絵(え) (shibai e)
芝(しば)居(い)掛(がかり) (shibaigakari)
芝(しば)居(い)気(ぎ) (shibaigi), 芝(しば)居(い)気(げ) (shibaige)
芝(しば)居(い)心(ごころ) (shibaigokoro): synonym of 芝(しば)居(い)気(ぎ) (shibaigi)
芝(しば)居(い)座(ざ) (shibaiza)
芝(しば)居(い)子(こ) (shibaiko)
芝(しば)居(い)者(もの) (shibai mono)
芝(しば)居(い)酒(さか)盛(もり) (shibai sakamori), 芝(しば)酒(さか)盛(もり) (shiba sakamori)
芝(しば)居(い)小(ご)屋(や) (shibaigoya)
芝(しば)居(い)染(じ)みる (shibaijimiru)
芝(しば)居(い)銭(せん) (shibaisen)
芝(しば)居(い)茶(ぢゃ)屋(や) (shibaijaya)
芝(しば)居(い)町(まち) (shibai machi)
芝(しば)居(い)唐(とう)人(じん) (shibai tōjin)
芝(しば)居(い)鳶(とんび) (shibai tonbi)
芝(しば)居(い)番(ばん)付(づけ) (shibai banzuke)
芝(しば)居(い)話(ばなし) (shibaibanashi)
芝(しば)魚(ざかな) (shibazakana), 芝(しば)肴(ざかな) (shibazakana)
芝(しば)競(くらべ) (shiba kurabe)
芝(しば)繋(つなぎ) (shiba tsunagi)
芝(しば)見(み) (shibami)
芝(しば)原(はら) (shibahara)
芝(しば)公(こう)園(えん) (shiba kōen)
芝(しば)采(ざい) (shibazai)
芝(しば)菜(な) (shibana)
芝(しば)桜(ざくら) (shibazakura)
芝(しば)山(やま) (shibayama)
芝(しば)山(やま)古(こ)墳(ふん)群(ぐん) (Shibayama Kofun-gun): a group of kofun tombs in Chiba Prefecture
芝(しば)煮(に) (shibani)
芝(しば)手(て) (shibate)
芝(しば)手(ちょう)水(ず) (shibachōzu)
芝(しば)焼(やき) (shibayaki): synonym of 野(の)焼(やき) (noyaki)
芝(しば)大(だい)神(じん)宮(ぐう) (Shiba Daijingū)
芝(しば)神(しん)明(めい) (Shiba Shinmei): synonym of 芝(しば)大(だい)神(じん)宮(ぐう) (Shiba Daijingū)
芝(しば)神(しん)明(めい)祭(まつり) (Shiba Shinmei Matsuri)
芝(しば)菅(すげ) (shibasuge)
芝(しば)摺(すり) (shibasuri)
芝(しば)切(きり) (shibakiri)
芝(しば)切(きり)神(しん)事(じ) (Shibakiri Shinji)
芝(しば)全(ぜん)交(こう) (Shiba Zenkō)
芝(しば)祐(すけ)泰(ひろ) (Shiba Sukehiro)
芝(しば)打(うち) (shiba uchi)
芝(しば)打(うち)長(なが) (shiba uchinaga)
芝(しば)茸(たけ) (shibatake): synonym of 網(あみ)茸(たけ) (amitake), a type of mushroom
芝(しば)築(つい)地(じ) (shibatsuiji)
芝(しば)田(でん)楽(がく) (shiba dengaku)
芝(しば)土(ど)居(い) (shiba doi)
芝(しば)突(つき) (shibatsuki)
芝(しば)能(のう) (Shiba Nō): synonym of 薪(たきぎ)能(のう) (Takigi Nō), a type of Noh play
芝(しば)派(は) (shibaha)
芝(しば)野(の) (shibano)
芝(しば)矢(や) (shibaya)
芝(し)蘭(らん)堂(どう) (Shirandō): an academy of Western learning in the late Edo period
芝(しば)離(り)宮(きゅう) (Shiba Rikyū): an imperial villa, formerly located on the shores of the bay in Minato-ku, Tōkyō, later converted into a park
芝(しば)露(つゆ) (shiba tsuyu): dew on grass

Proper noun[edit]

芝(しば) • (Shiba)

a surname

Verb[edit]

芝(しば)する • (shiba suru) suru (stem 芝(しば)し (shiba shi), past 芝(しば)した (shiba shita))

short for 芝見 (shibami): to hide in the grass and spy on one's enemies or scout out the situation

Conjugation[edit]

Conjugation of "芝する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	芝し	しばし	shiba shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	芝し	しばし	shiba shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	芝する	しばする	shiba suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	芝する	しばする	shiba suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	芝すれ	しばすれ	shiba sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	芝せよ¹ 芝しろ²	しばせよ¹ しばしろ²	shiba seyo¹ shiba shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	芝される	しばされる	shiba sareru
Causative	芝させる芝さす	しばさせるしばさす	shiba saseru shiba sasu
Potential	芝できる	しばできる	shiba dekiru
Volitional	芝しよう	しばしよう	shiba shiyō
Negative	芝しない	しばしない	shiba shinai
Negative continuative	芝せず	しばせず	shiba sezu
Formal	芝します	しばします	shiba shimasu
Perfective	芝した	しばした	shiba shita
Conjunctive	芝して	しばして	shiba shite
Hypothetical conditional	芝すれば	しばすれば	shiba sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
芝
しざま Grade: S
kun’yomi

Compound of し (shi, adjectival ending) +‎ 様 (sama, “kind, type”).^[2] The sama changes to zama as an instance of rendaku (連濁). The kanji 芝 was used as an ateji, probably based on its on'yomi of shi.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [ɕiza̠ma̠]

Noun[edit]

芝(しざま) • (shizama)

(grammar, obsolete) “shi-type”, referring to the i adjective in Japanese grammar, specifically the ク活用 (ku katsuyō, “ku inflection”), corresponding to modern Japanese adjectives ending in -i but not -shii
This is the nomenclature used in the grammar devised by 富士谷成章 (Fujitani Nariakira), a classical Japanese scholar and grammarian in the middle Edo period. Modern i adjectives still had the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) ending in -shi in the mid-Edo period, hence Fujitani's description of these as the “shi-type” of adjective.

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
芝
し Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 芝 (*chi). Compare modern Mandarin 芝 (zhī).

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [ɕi]

Affix[edit]

芝(し) • (shi)

the 万年茸 (mannentake) mushroom

Derived terms[edit]

Derived terms

芝(し)翫(かん)下(げ)駄(た) (Shikangeta): a type of geta sandal popular in the Edo period
芝(し)翫(かん)縞(じま) (Shikanjima): a particular striped pattern for kimono, popular in the Edo period
芝(し)翫(かん)茶(ちゃ) (Shikancha): a color for dying cloth, a slightly reddish-purple shade of chestnut
芝(し)仙(せん)延(えん)年(ねん) (shisen ennen): a theme for traditional painting in China, Korea, and Japan, depicting the 万(まん)年(ねん)茸(たけ) (mannentake) mushroom, pines, and rocky crags
芝(し)仙(せん)祝(しゅく)寿(じゅ) (shisenshukuju): a theme for traditional painting in China, Korea, and Japan, depicting the 万(まん)年(ねん)茸(たけ) (mannentake) mushroom, cranes (the birds), bamboo, and plum trees
芝(し)草(そう) (shisō): alternate for 万(まん)年(ねん)茸(たけ) (mannentake), a type of mushroom
芝(し)眉(び) (shibi): an honorific term for referring to someone else's face
芝(し)蘭(らん) (shiran): fragrant grass; (metaphorically) an excellent person
霊(れい)芝(し) (reishi): alternate for 万(まん)年(ねん)茸(たけ) (mannentake), a type of mushroom

Etymology 4[edit]

Used as ateji in various surnames.

References[edit]

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

芝 • (ji) (hangeul 지, revised ji, McCune–Reischauer chi, Yale ci)

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