迦濕彌羅

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (迦濕彌羅/迦溼彌羅)		迦	濕/溼	彌	羅
simp. (迦湿弥罗)		迦	湿	弥	罗

Etymology

From Sanskrit कश्मीर (kaśmīra)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Jiāshīmíluó

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚ ㄕ ㄇㄧˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa¹ sap¹ mei⁴ lo⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Jiāshīmíluó
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚ ㄕ ㄇㄧˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Jiashihmíluó
    • Wade–Giles: Chia¹-shih¹-mi²-lo²
    • Yale: Jyā-shr̄-mí-lwó
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jiashymiluo
    • Palladius: Цзяшимило (Czjašimilo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ mi³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gaa¹ sap¹ mei⁴ lo⁴
    • Yale: gā sāp mèih lòh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gaa¹ sap⁷ mei⁴ lo⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ga¹ seb¹ méi⁴ lo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaː⁵⁵ sɐp̚⁵ mei̯²¹ lɔː²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: kja syip mjie la

Rime
Character	迦	濕	彌	羅
Reading #	1/2	1/2	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	書 (26)	明 (4)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	戈 (96)	緝 (141)	支 (11)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	III	I
Fanqie	居伽切	失入切	武移切	魯何切
Baxter	kja	syip	mjie	la
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨɑ/	/ɕiɪp̚/	/miᴇ/	/lɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/kiɑ/	/ɕip̚/	/miɛ/	/lɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/kiɑ/	/ɕjep̚/	/mjɛ/	/lɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨa/	/ɕip̚/	/miə̆/	/la/
Li Rong	/kiɑ/	/ɕiəp̚/	/mie/	/lɑ/
Wang Li	/kǐɑ/	/ɕĭĕp̚/	/mǐe/	/lɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯ɑ/	/ɕi̯əp̚/	/mie̯/	/lɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiē	shi	mí	luó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ge1	sap1	mei4	lo4

Proper noun

迦濕彌羅

1. (archaic) Kashmir

   • 迦濕彌羅國周七千餘里，四境負山。山極峭峻，雖有門徑，而復隘狹，自古鄰敵無能攻伐。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     迦湿弥罗国周七千余里，四境负山。山极峭峻，虽有门径，而复隘狭，自古邻敌无能攻伐。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: Xuanzang, Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 646 CE

     Jiāshīmíluó guó zhōu qī qiān yú lǐ, sìjìng fù shān. Shān jí qiàojùn, suī yǒu ménjìng, ér fù àixiá, zìgǔ lín dí wúnéng gōngfá. [Pinyin]

     The State of Kashmir was about 7000 lis wide, and it was surrounded by mountains. The mountains were extremely steep. Although there were roads connecting the state, but they were very narrow and dangerous. No other states were able to occupy this state.