깜찍하다
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Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
See etymology at ᄀᆞᆷᄌᆞᆨ (komcok) for the first element. —하다 (-hada) is a regular adjective-deriving suffix.
As late as the late nineteenth century, 깜찍하다 (kkamjjikhada, “to be adorable”) was synonymous with 끔찍하다 (kkeumjjikhada, “to be atrocious”). The former underwent a semantic shift in the early twentieth century, aided by the nuances associated with its yang vowel.
Equivalent to 깜찍 (kkamjjik) + 하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving adjectives).
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [k͈a̠mt͡ɕ͈ikʰa̠da̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [깜찌카다]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | kkamjjikhada |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | kkamjjighada |
| McCune–Reischauer? | kkamtchikhada |
| Yale Romanization? | kkamccik.hata |
Adjective[edit]
| Yin-form | 끔찍하다 (kkeumjjikhada) |
|---|---|
| Yang-form | 깜찍하다 (kkamjjikhada) |
깜찍하다 • (kkamjjikhada) (infinitive 깜찍해 or 깜찍하여, sequential 깜찍하니)
Conjugation[edit]
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 깜찍하다 kkamjjikhada |
깜찍해 kkamjjikhae |
깜찍해요 kkamjjikhaeyo |
깜찍합니다 kkamjjikhamnida |
| Past | 깜찍했다 kkamjjikhaetda |
깜찍했어 kkamjjikhaesseo |
깜찍했어요 kkamjjikhaesseoyo |
깜찍했습니다 kkamjjikhaetseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 깜찍하냐 kkamjjikhanya |
깜찍해 kkamjjikhae |
깜찍해요 kkamjjikhaeyo |
깜찍합니까 kkamjjikhamnikka |
| Past | 깜찍했냐 kkamjjikhaennya |
깜찍했어 kkamjjikhaesseo |
깜찍했어요 kkamjjikhaesseoyo |
깜찍했습니까 kkamjjikhaetseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 깜찍하겠다 kkamjjikhagetda |
깜찍하겠어 kkamjjikhagesseo |
깜찍하겠어요 kkamjjikhagesseoyo |
깜찍하겠습니다 kkamjjikhagetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 깜찍해 kkamjjikhae |
깜찍해서, 깜찍하여서 kkamjjikhaeseo, kkamjjikhayeoseo |
깜찍하니 kkamjjikhani |
깜찍하니까 kkamjjikhanikka | |
| Contrast | 깜찍하지만 kkamjjikhajiman |
깜찍한데 kkamjjikhande |
깜찍하더니 kkamjjikhadeoni |
||
| Conjunction | 깜찍하고 kkamjjikhago |
||||
| Condition | 깜찍하면 kkamjjikhamyeon |
깜찍해야, 깜찍하여야 kkamjjikhaeya, kkamjjikhayeoya |
|||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 깜찍함 kkamjjikham |
깜찍하기 kkamjjikhagi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 깜찍했음, 깜찍하였음 kkamjjikhaesseum, kkamjjikhayeosseum |
깜찍했기, 깜찍하였기 kkamjjikhaetgi, kkamjjikhayeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 깜찍한 kkamjjikhan | |||
| Future | 깜찍할 kkamjjikhal | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 깜찍하시다 kkamjjikhasida |
깜찍하셔 kkamjjikhasyeo |
깜찍하세요, 깜찍하셔요 kkamjjikhaseyo, kkamjjikhasyeoyo |
깜찍하십니다 kkamjjikhasimnida |
| Past | 깜찍하셨다 kkamjjikhasyeotda |
깜찍하셨어 kkamjjikhasyeosseo |
깜찍하셨어요 kkamjjikhasyeosseoyo |
깜찍하셨습니다 kkamjjikhasyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 깜찍하시냐 kkamjjikhasinya |
깜찍하셔 kkamjjikhasyeo |
깜찍하세요, 깜찍하셔요 kkamjjikhaseyo, kkamjjikhasyeoyo |
깜찍하십니까 kkamjjikhasimnikka |
| Past | 깜찍하셨냐 kkamjjikhasyeonnya |
깜찍하셨어 kkamjjikhasyeosseo |
깜찍하셨어요 kkamjjikhasyeosseoyo |
깜찍하셨습니까 kkamjjikhasyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 깜찍하시겠다 kkamjjikhasigetda |
깜찍하시겠어 kkamjjikhasigesseo |
깜찍하시겠어요 kkamjjikhasigesseoyo |
깜찍하시겠습니다 kkamjjikhasigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 깜찍하셔 kkamjjikhasyeo |
깜찍하셔서 kkamjjikhasyeoseo |
깜찍하시니 kkamjjikhasini |
깜찍하시니까 kkamjjikhasinikka | |
| Contrast | 깜찍하시지만 kkamjjikhasijiman |
깜찍하신데 kkamjjikhasinde |
깜찍하시더니 kkamjjikhasideoni |
||
| Conjunction | 깜찍하시고 kkamjjikhasigo |
||||
| Condition | 깜찍하시면 kkamjjikhasimyeon |
깜찍하셔야 kkamjjikhasyeoya |
|||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 깜찍하심 kkamjjikhasim |
깜찍하시기 kkamjjikhasigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 깜찍하셨음 kkamjjikhasyeosseum |
깜찍하셨기 kkamjjikhasyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 깜찍하신 kkamjjikhasin | |||
| Future | 깜찍하실 kkamjjikhasil | ||||
Related terms[edit]
| Sound-symbolic terms related to 감다 (gamda, “to close one's eyes”) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yang-vowel form |
Yin-vowel form
| ||||||
| 깜작 (kkamjak) 깜작깜작 (kkamjakkkamjak) |
깜짝 (kkamjjak) 깜짝깜짝 (kkamjjakkkamjjak) |
끔적 (kkeumjeok) 끔적끔적 (kkeumjeokkkeumjeok) |
끔쩍 (kkeumjjeok) 끔쩍끔쩍 (kkeumjjeokkkeumjjeok) | ||||
| 깜박 (kkambak) 깜박깜박 (kkambakkkambak) |
깜빡 (kkamppak) 깜빡깜빡 (kkamppakkkamppak) |
껌벅 (kkeombeok) 껌벅껌벅 (kkeombeokkkeombeok) |
껌뻑 (kkeomppeok) 껌뻑껌뻑 (kkeomppeokkkeomppeok) | ||||
| 끔벅 (kkeumbeok) 끔벅끔벅 (kkeumbeokkkeumbeok) |
끔뻑 (kkeumppeok) 끔뻑끔뻑 (kkeumppeokkkeumppeok) | ||||||
| 깜찍하다 (kkamjjikhada) | 끔찍하다 (kkeumjjikhada) 끔찍끔찍하다 (kkeumjjikkkeumjjikhada) | ||||||
| 곰작 (gomjak) 곰작곰작 (gomjakgomjak) |
꼼작 (kkomjak) 꼼작꼼작 (kkomjakkkomjak) |
꼼짝 (kkomjjak) 꼼짝꼼짝 (kkomjjakkkomjjak) |
굼적 (gumjeok) 굼적굼적 (gumjeokgumjeok) |
꿈적 (kkumjeok) 꿈적꿈적 (kkumjeokkkumjeok) |
꿈쩍 (kkumjjeok) 꿈쩍꿈쩍 (kkumjjeokkkumjjeok) | ||
References[edit]
- 고은숙 (Go Eun-suk) (2010) “'ᄀᆞᆷᄌᆞᆨ'류 용언의 파생 및 의미 분화 양상 고찰”, in Han'gugeo Munhak Yeon'gu, volume 54, pages 209–254