Appendix:Austro-Tai comparanda

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The table below represent the collection of Austro-Tai etymologies that thus far have been mentioned by a number of researchers.

Thurgood's Proto-Kam-Sui had been replaced by data on the Sui dialect of Shuigen, Sandong district (三洞乡水根村), given in phonemic transcriptions and taken from ‘’Sui Dialect Research’’, edited by Castro & Pan (2014).

Ostapirat's Proto-Kra had been replaced by data on Paha, taken from Li & Luo (2010).

Lakkia data was taken from Fan (2019).

Table

[edit]
Gloss Proto-Tai
(Pittayaporn)
Sui Paha Proto-Hlai
(Norquest)
Proto-Be
(Chen)
Lakkia Proto-Austronesian
(Blust)
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
(Blust)
Mentioned in
1. 1st person singular *kuːᴬ, *kawᴬ ku³²² *ɦuː *aku *aku Ostapirat (2013)
2. 2nd person singular (KD)
2nd person plural (Austronesian)
*maɰᴬ mə³¹ *C-mɯː ma²³¹ *k-amu, *Simu *kamu Ostapirat (2013)
3. 2nd person plural (KD)
2nd person singular (Austronesian)
*suːᴬ (Southwestern Tai) ȶin¹ saːu¹ *sʰəw *iSu, *kaSu *iu, *kahu Ostapirat (2013), Norquest (2013)
4. one ʨam⁴⁵ *tçʰɯːʔ *isa, *esa, *asa *isa, *esa, *asa Ostapirat (2013)
5. two ɣa¹ (?) θa³²² *duSa *duha Ostapirat (2013)
6. three tu³²² *Cuʈʂhuʔ *telu *telu Sagart (2019)
7. four pa³²² *Sepat *epat Norquest (2013)
8. five m̥a³³ *hmaː *lima *lima
9. six nam³¹ *hnom *enem *enem Sagart (2019)
10. seven ðɦu³³ *tʰuː *pitu *pitu Sagart (2019)
11. eight mu³¹ *hruː *walu *walu Ostapirat (2013), Sagart (2019)
12. nine dɦa³³ *C-wɯːʔ *Siwa *siwa Ostapirat (2013)
13. ten wat⁵⁵ *fʰuːt *puluq *puluq Norquest (2013)
14. this *najꟲ naːi⁶ ni⁵⁵ *C-niːɦ ni²³¹ *-ni *-ni
15. grandfather, ancestor *pɯwᴮ *pʰuːʔ *apu *ampu Norquest (2013)
16. father pa³³ *pʰaːʔ *aba *aba Norquest (2013)
17. shoulder *C̥.baːᴮ ha¹ ka⁰ɣɔ⁵⁵ma⁵⁵ *ʋaːɦ *viaᴮꟲ¹ *qabaRa *qabaRa Pittayaporn (2009), Ostapirat (2013)
18. hand *mwɯːᴬ mja¹ ma³³qɛ⁴⁵⁽³²²⁾ *C-mɯː *məːᴬ² mie²³¹ *qalima *qalima Ostapirat (2013), Sagart (2019)
19. leg, foot *p.qaːᴬ pa¹ ʁa¹¹ *ɦaː (Central Hlai) *qaqay, *waqay *qaqay, *waqay Ostapirat (2013)
20. head *krawꟲ *Cuhrəwʔ *haːw kjɛu⁵¹ *quluh *quluh Ostapirat (2013), Norquest (2013)
21. eye *p.taːᴬ ⁿda¹ ma⁵⁵da³²² *ʈʂhaː *ɗaːᴬ¹ pla⁵¹ *maCa *mata Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019)
22. nose *ɗaŋᴬ ʔnaŋ¹ *ɗəŋ (face) *zəŋᴬ¹ naŋ⁵¹ *ujuŋ *ujuŋ Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019)
23. blood (KD)
artery, blood vessel (Austronesian)
*lɯətᴰ pʰjaːt⁷ *hlaːc lie:t¹¹ *huRaC *uRat
24. gall bladder, bile *ɓliːᴬ ni³²² *ziːᴬ¹ blai⁵¹ *paqeju, *qapejux *qapejux Sagart (2019)
25. gall bladder (Hlai)
liver (Austronesian)
*ɗəj *qaCay *qatay
26. navel, belly button *ɗwɯːᴬ haːi⁴ ʔdwa¹ naau³²² *Cuɾɯː *ɗəːᴬ² *puja, *pujek Ostapirat (2013), Sagart (2019)
27. vagina (KD)
female, woman (Austronesian)
*hiːᴬ bɦai³³ *bahi *bahi
28. pubic hair *ʰmwuːjᴬ *kumeS, *kumiS
29. ribs *k.raːŋꟲ qhɔ³³ðaaŋ¹¹, qhɔ⁴⁵⁽³³⁾ ʨhaaŋ³³ *kʰaːŋʔ *tageRaŋ *tageRaŋ Norquest (2013)
30. mouth *paːkᴰ paːk⁷ *ɓaːkᴰ¹ *baqbaq, *beqbeq Norquest (2013)
31. liver (KD)
chest (Austronesian)
*tapᴰ tap⁷ tap⁵⁵ *debdeb *debdeb Norquest (2013)
32. tooth *wanᴬ vjan¹ *fʰjən wan²³¹ *lipen, *nipen *lipen, *nipen Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019)
33. tongue ma² ma³¹ wã²³¹ *Sema *hema Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019)
34. palm faːn³ mja¹ (cf. Zhonghe fa³ mja¹) *dapa *dapa Sagart (2019)
35. faeces, excrement *C̬.qɯjꟲ qe⁴ qɛ³³ *ɦaːjʔ *kaːjᴮꟲ² kwei¹¹ *Caqi *taqi Norquest (2013)
36. boat (KD)
to paddle (Austronesian)
*C̬.rwɯəᴬ lwa¹ da³³ *Cuɾaː *zuaᴬ² *aluja *aluja Ostapirat (2013)
37. branch ngah (Nong Zhuang) ʔa⁵ (Southern Sui), cf. Mulam ŋa⁵ tsʰɛ̃⁵⁵ *paŋa *paŋa Sagart (2019)
38. bear *ʰmwɯjᴬ ʔmi¹ mi³²² *C-muj kũ:i⁵¹ *Cumay Pittayaporn (2009), Ostapirat (2013)
39. otter *naːkᴰ naak¹¹ *hnaːk *Sanaq
40. bee, wasp lu¹ *m-luː plɛu²³¹ *waNu Norquest (2013)
41. bird *C̬.nokᴰ nok⁸ nok¹¹ mlok⁵⁵ *manuk *manuk Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019)
42. shrimp *Cuɾaːŋ *zuaŋᴬ² *qudaŋ *qudaŋ Ostapirat (2013)
43. snake *hljaːɦ *SulaR *hulaR Norquest (2013), Sagart (2019)
44. leech *daːkᴰ ŋa³¹taak³³ (snake + leech) *tʰaːk *ɗaːkᴰ¹ *-matek / *-meCaq *-matek / *-metaq Pittayaporn (2009), Norquest (2013) (*-matek), Smith (2021) (*-meCaq)
45. louse tu¹ ðu³³ *Cuʈʂhuː *katᴰ² *kuCux *kutu Ostapirat (2013), Sagart (2019)
46. flea *ʰmatᴰ m̥at⁷ mat¹¹ *hməːt *CumeS *tumah
47. sesame *r.ŋaːᴬ ʔŋa¹ ŋa³¹ *hŋɯː *leŋa Pittayaporn (2009),
48. taro *prɯəkᴰ ʔɣaːk⁷ pwaak¹¹ *hraːk jaːk²⁴ *biRaq *biRaq Norquest (2013), Fan (2019)
49. rattan *C̥.waːjᴬ *quay *quay Pittayaporn (2009)
50. name ʔdaːn¹ ja:n¹¹ *ŋajan *ŋajan, *ajan Fan (2019)
51. child *lɯːkᴰ laːk⁸ laak¹¹ *hlɯːk *ləːkᴰ² lak²⁴ *aNak *anak Ostapirat (2013)
52. rain *C̥.wɯnᴬ fən¹ fen⁵¹ *Rabun
53. lightning *m.leːpᴰ ʔba¹ laːp⁷ laap¹¹ (thunder) *hljip *-lap (flash, sparkle) (root)
54. water *C̬.namꟲ nam³ *C-nəmʔ *namᴮꟲ² num¹¹ *daNum *danum Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019)
55. fire *wɤjᴬ vi¹ pwi³²² *fʰiː *vəːjᴬ² pu:i⁵¹ *Sapuy *hapuy Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019)
56. stream *qrwɤjꟲ kui³ *qaRus Sagart (2019)
57. spring, source *ɓoːᴮ *tebuR Norquest (2013), Sagart (2019)
58. chaff, bran fa⁶ bwa³³ *hwaːʔ *vəːᴮꟲ² *qepah (Western Austronesian) Ostapirat (2013), Sagart (2019)
59. dirt *kʰiː (dirty sweat) *daki (dirt on skin, dandruff) *daki Norquest (2013)
60. peel (of fruit) *hliːt *kuliC *kulit Norquest (2013)
61. grease, fat *manᴬ man² *maːnᴬ² *SimaR *himaR Sagart (2019)
62. hook *ɓetᴰ *kabit *kabit Sagart (2019)
63. carrying pole *ɢaːnᴬ ʁaːn¹ *pasaqaN *pasaqan Norquest (2013)
64. flower ŋa²⁴ *buŋa *buŋa Sagart (2019)
65. field *naːᴬ wa³³ *hnaːɦ *niaᴬ² *bena (lower part of a river)
66. fish scale ʨaap³¹ *C-lə:p *quSeNap *quhenap Norquest (2013)
67. moon *ɓlɯənᴬ njen² naan³²² *C-ɲaːn *bulaN *bulan Sagart (2019)
68. star (KD)
day, sun (Austronesian)
*t.naːwᴬ *ɾaːw tau²⁴ *qajaw *qajaw, *qalejaw Ostapirat (2013), Norquest (2013)
69. soul *mwaːŋᴬ maːŋ¹ mɔŋ³³ *sumaŋed
70. to weep, to cry *t.hajꟲ ʔȵe³ ȵit¹¹ *C-ŋiːʔ *ŋajᴮꟲ¹ *Caŋis *taŋis Pittayaporn (2009), Sagart (2019)
71. to die *p.taːjᴬ tai¹ plei⁵¹ *ma-aCay *m-atay Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019)
72. to pound *toːkᴰ *tuqtuq *tuqtuq Norquest (2013)
73. to eat *kɯɲᴬ kaan³²² kʰən (Qi) *kənᴬ¹ *kaen *kaen Norquest (2013), Sagart (2019)
74. to bite *katᴰ ɣat³³ *katᴰ kat⁵⁵ *a(ŋ)kit Norquest (2013)
75. to borrow *ˀjɯːmᴬ ʔjaːm¹ ʨhaam⁴⁵ laːm⁵¹ *Sezam *hezam Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019)
76. to fart, to break wind *k.tɤtᴰ tət⁷ ðat⁵⁵, ta⁴⁵ðat³³⁽⁵⁵ *tʰuːc *ɗutᴰ¹ kjə:t²⁴ *qetut *qetut Fan (2019)
77. to vomit *rwɯəkᴰ taːk⁷ (Jiarong Sui) taak³³ *ɗuakᴰ² *utaq (noun), *um-utaq (verb) *utaq (noun), *um-utaq (verb)
78. to wash *zakᴰ lak⁷ *sʰəːk *ɗakᴰ² wak²⁴ *baseq *baseq Norquest (2013)
79. to blow (nose) *saŋᴮ *eseŋ Norquest (2013)
80. to pat, to slap *pʰiːk pʰɛ:k⁵⁵ *tapik Norquest (2013), Fan (2019)
81. to forget *lɯːmᴬ laːm² *C-lɯːmɦ pʰlɛm⁵¹ *alim
82. to plant, to transplant (KD)
to bury, grave (Austronesian)
*t.namᴬ lam¹ tam⁴⁵ *zəmᴬ¹ *CaNem *tanem Pittayaporn (2009),
83. to plant *Cuhraː *mula *mula Ostapirat (2013), Norquest (2013)
84. to sip *tçʰɯp *qesep Norquest (2013)
85. to wait *craːꟲ ka³ *taRah Norquest (2013)
86. to come, to arrive *C̬.tɤŋᴬ taŋ¹ *ɗəŋᴬ¹ taŋ²³¹ *dateŋ Fan (2019)
87. to hear, to listen *ŋinᴬ ŋ̊ai⁵ ŋ̥i³³ *deŋeR *deŋeR Sagart (2019)
88. black, dark *C̥.damᴬ ʔnam¹ dam³²² *ɗəmʔ *zamᴬ¹ lam⁵¹ *tidem Pittayaporn (2009), Fan (2019)
89. raw, unripe (KD)
life, alive (Austronesian)
*C̥.dipᴰ ʔdjup⁷ ðap³³ *Cuɾiːp *zipᴰ¹ *qudip *qudip Ostapirat (2013),
90. blind *ɓoːtᴰ bɯt¹¹ *buCa *buta Norquest (2013)
91. sharp *ʰleːmᴬ jhim⁴⁵ *tçʰəːm ti:m⁵¹ *Cazem *tazem Norquest (2013), Fan (2019)
92. scared, frightened *ʰlaːwᴬ *talaw *talaw Pittayaporn (2009), Norquest (2013)
93. old *keːᴮ qa⁴⁵ *tuqaS *tuqah Norquest (2013)
94. sour *sɤmꟲ hum³ khjum²⁴ *qaRsem *qe(n)sem Pittayaporn (2009), Ostapirat (2013)
95 to hold in the fist *kamᴬ kam⁵¹ *gemgem *gemgem Smith (2021)
96 to poison fish (KD) / derris (Austronesian) *C̥.bɯəᴬ *tubah *tubah Smith (2021)
97 shadow *ŋawᴬ ŋau⁴⁵ *qaNiŋu *qaninu Smith (2021)
98 to sell θi³²² *hriːwʔ plɛ⁵¹ *baliw, *saliw *saliw Fan (2019), Smith (2021)
99 who (KD) / marker of uncertainty (Austronesian) ʔai³ n̥u¹ pa³³nau³³, də³²²nau⁴⁵⁽³³⁾ nɛ¹¹ *-nu *-nu Smith (2021)
100 sick; to hurt, be painful *keːtᴰ kit⁷ (Banliang) tsɛ:t²⁴ *sakit Smith (2021)
101 spotted *ɓlaːŋᴮ *belaŋ Smith (2021)

References

[edit]
  • Castro, Andy and Pan Xingwen. Sui Dialect Research. Guizhou People's Press, 2014.
  • Li, Jinfang and Luo, Yongxian. The Buyang language of South China: grammatical notes, glossary, texts and translations. Pacific Linguistics Publishers, Australian National University, 2010.
  • Fan, Wenjia. A Grammar of Lakkja, South China. The University of Melbourne: Asia Institute, 2019.
  • Ostapirat, Weera. Austro-Tai revisited. The 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, Chulalongkorn University, 2013.
  • Sagart, Laurent. A model of the origin of Kra-Dai tones. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, 2019, 48 (1), pp.1-29, 2019.
  • Norquest, Peter. A revised inventory of Proto Austronesian consonants: Kra-Dai and Austroasiatic evidence. Mon-Khmer Studies 42:102-126, 2013.