Appendix:Old Tupi terms of family and kinship
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Old Tupi has many different terms for naming family members, as it follows a distinct system that considers the relative's age, if they are paternal or maternal and both the gender of them and the person they are related to. Such pattern is also common in other South American languages, like Guaraní.
| Relative | uba (“father”) | sy (“mother”) |
|---|---|---|
| Father | amỹîa (“grandfather”) | |
| Mother | aryîa (“grandmother”) | |
| Brother | uba (“paternal uncle”) | tutyra (“maternal uncle”) |
| Sister | aîxé (“paternal aunt”) | sy'yra (“maternal aunt”) |
| Relative | Gender of the referent | |
|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | |
| Siblings | ||
| Older brother | yky'yra | kybyra |
| Younger brother | ybyra | |
| Older sister | endyra | ykera |
| Younger sister | pyky'yra | |
| Children | ||
| Son | a'yra | membyra |
| Daughter | aîyra | |
| Niblings | ||
| Uterine nephew | i'yra | membyra'ysé |
| Older uterine niece | îetipera | ykera, membykunhã |
| Younger uterine niece | pyky'yra, membykunhã | |
| "Older son of one's brother" | eke'yra, yky'yra | penga |
| "Younger son of one's brother" | a'yra | |
| "Daughter of one's brother" | aîyra | |
| Grandchildren | ||
| Grandson | emiminõ | emiarirõ |
| Granddaughter | ||
| Siblings-in-law | ||
| Brother-in-law (spouse's older brother) | obaîara | menyky'yra |
| Brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother) | menybyra | |
| Brother-in-law (older sister's husband) | *endymena[note 2] | ykemena |
| Brother-in-law (younger sister's husband) | pyky'ymena | |
| Sister-in-law (spouse's older sister) | emirekoykera | *menendyra[note 2] |
| Sister-in-law (spouse's younger sister) | emirekopyky'yra | |
| Sister-in-law (older brother's wife) | yke'yraty | uke'i |
| Sister-in-law (younger brother's wife) | ybyraty | |
| Children-in-law | ||
| Son-in-law | aîymena | pe'uma |
| Daughter-in-law | a'yraty | membyraty |
| Niblings-in-law | ||
| Niece-in-law (uterine nephew's wife) | i'yraty | membyraty |
| Nephew-in-law (older uterine niece's husband) | îetipemena | ykemena, pe'uma |
| Nephew-in-law (younger uterine niece's husband) | pyky'ymena, pe'uma | |
| Niece-in-law (son of one's brother's wife) | a'yraty | pengaty |
| Niece-in-law (daughter of one's brother's wife) | aîymena | *pẽmena[note 2] |
| Parents-in-law | ||
| Father-in-law | atu'uba | menduba |
| Mother-in-law | aîxó | mendy |
| Spouses | ||
| Husband | mena | |
| Wife | emirekó | |
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2005) chapter 12, in Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos[1] (in Portuguese), 3 edition, São Paulo: Global Editora, →ISBN, pages 162–163
- Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil[2] (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN