User:RcAlex36/Random
Chinese words that appear to have a default gender[edit]
Male[edit]
- (nose): 鼻哥 (Cantonese), 鼻公 (Cantonese, Hakka, Gan) (but suffix may instead be be derived from an Austro–Tai word for “head”)
- (knee): 膝頭哥／膝头哥 (Cantonese), 膝頭牯／膝头牯 (Cantonese, Gan, Hakka), 膝頭公／膝头公 (Gan) (but suffix may instead be be derived from an Austro–Tai word for “head”)
- (ear): 耳公 (Hakka)
- (thumb): 手指公, 手公 (Cantonese, Hakka), 掌頭公／掌头公 (Teochew), 大拇哥 (dàmǔgē) (Mandarin)
- (fist): 拳頭牯／拳头牯 (Hakka)
- (shrimp): 蝦公／虾公 (Cantonese, Hakka, Gan)
- (cat): 貓公／猫公 (Hakka)
- (ant): 蟻公／蚁公 (Hakka)
- (earthworm): 䘆公 (Hakka)
- (praying mantis): 豹虎哥, 老虎哥 (Hakka)
- (monkey): 猴哥 (Hakka)
- (snake): 蛇哥 (Hakka)
- (bowl): 碗公 (wǎngōng, “bowl”) (Hakka)
- (stone; rock): 石牯 (Hakka)
- (thunder): 雷公 (Cantonese, Hakka, Min Nan)
- (sun): 日頭公／日头公 (Min Nan), 日頭牯／日头牯 (Gan), 老爺兒／老爷儿 (lǎoyér), 日頭爺／日头爷 (rìtóuyé), 太陽爺／太阳爷 (tàiyángyé) (Mandarin), 陽婆爺／阳婆爷 (Jin) (hermaphrodite lol)
Female[edit]
- (fist): 拳頭母／拳头母 (Min), 拳頭嫲／拳头嫲 (Hakka)
- (palm): 巴掌嫲 (Hakka)
- (tongue): 舌嫲 (Hakka) (but may be etymologically unrelated if 嫲 is related to Proto-Kam-Sui *ma² (“tongue”))
- (louse): 蝨乸／虱乸 (Cantonese) 蝨嫲／虱嫲 (Hakka) 蝨母／虱母 (Min), 蝨婆／虱婆, 蝨婆子／虱婆子 (Xiang)
- (frog): 蛤乸 (Cantonese) (but may be etymologically unrelated if 乸 is related to Proto-Tai *naːᴬ (“paddy field”), c.f. 田雞)
- (leech): 蜞乸 (Cantonese)
- (eagle): 鷂婆／鹞婆 (Hakka)
- (bat): 密婆, 日婆, 夜婆, 月婆 (Min Nan), 蝠婆仔 (Hakka)
- (cockroach): 偷油婆 (tōuyóupó) (Mandarin, Xiang), 蚻母 (Min Dong)
- (ginger): 薑乸／姜乸 (Cantonese), 薑嫲／姜嫲 (Hakka), 薑母／姜母 (Min Nan)
- (Asian conical hat): 笠嫲 (Hakka)
- (knife): 刀嫲 (Hakka)
- (string; rope): 索嫲 (Hakka)
- (ladle): 勺嫲 (Hakka)
- (stone; rock): 石母 (cognate with 石部?) (Min Nan)
- (sun): 陽婆／阳婆 (Jin)
- (moon): 月娘 (Min Nan, Puxian Min), 月奶奶 (Mandarin)
Internal classification of 潮汕片[edit]
根據潘家懿, & 鄭守治. (2010). 粵東閩南語的分布及方言片的劃分. 臺灣語文研究, 5(1), 145-165.
潮汕話片（潮汕話）[edit]
- 汕頭小片：汕頭市（金平區、龍湖區、澄海區、南澳縣）、潮州市（湘橋區、潮安縣、饒平縣（中南部各鄉鎮））、揭陽市（榕城區、揭東縣、揭西縣（南部的棉湖、錢坑、鳳江3鎮））
- 潮普小片：汕頭市（濠江區、潮陽區、潮南區）、揭陽市（普寧市、惠來縣）、汕尾市陸豐（甲子、甲東和甲西3鎮）
- 甲子片：陸豐甲子、甲東、甲西
福佬話片（福佬話）[edit]
- 陸海小片：汕尾市城區、海豐縣和陸豐市（甲子等3鎮除外）
- 海城片：海豐海城、城東、梅隴、陶河、聯安、鮜門、赤石、可塘、赤坑
- 汕尾片：汕尾（馬宮、田墘、捷勝、東涌、紅草）、海豐大湖
- 公平片：海豐公平、附近鄉村的福佬話地區
- 東海片：陸豐東海、大安、金廂、城東、西南
- 碣石片：陸豐碣石、湖東
- 南塘片：陸豐南塘、博美、橋沖
- 潭西片：陸豐潭西、河西、上英、星都區
- 惠博小片：惠州市（惠城區、惠陽區、惠東縣）、博羅縣各閩語村鎮及閩客雙方言村鎮
Dragonfly[edit]
Mandarin:
- 螞螂／蚂螂 (mālang) = 螞／蚂 (mǎ, “prefix for animals”) + 螂 (lang) (< 蛉 (líng)?)
- 虰虰 (dīngdīng): reduplication like 蜻蜓 (qīngtíng)?
Southern dialects: ancestral language has *(n/tʰ/v/i)ɑŋ-(n/m)i? Is v- (黃) a Hakka innovation that made its way into Siyi Yue? (One can similarly argue tʰ- is a Yue innovation.)
- Cantonese 塘尾 (tong4 mei4-1) (Guangzhou)
- Taishanese 黃尾／黄尾 (vɔŋ²² mi³⁵)
- Hakka 囊蜺仔 (nong2 ni1 ê3) (Meixian), 黃蜺／黄蜺 (Pearl River Delta)
- Xiang 洋咪咪 (iæn¹³ mi³³ mi³) (Changsha)
- Min Nan 𧌄嬰／𧌄婴 (iân-mi) (Taipei Hokkien)
Min Nan: Hokkien 山蜊 (soaⁿ-lě), Teochew 𬠋𧌊 (sua1 me1) --> proto-Min Nan *suã (l/m)e? Is 田嬰／田婴 cognate with 蜻蜓 (qīngtíng)?
Min Bei: 刊魁 (kʰaŋ³³ kʰo⁵⁴) sounds like Fengkai (Nanfeng) Yue /kʰœŋ³³ kʰen⁵⁵/. A substrate word?
Compare: Zhuang biengzbeih (piːŋ˧˩ pei˧), Thai Nuea /mɛŋ² mi³/, Gelao /kɣən⁶/, Lingao /miŋ² dəi³/, Maonan /tɔŋ⁶ tin⁶/
Cantonese[edit]
廣府片[edit]
廣州、香港（市區）、香港（市區）、香港（新田）、香港（錦田）、澳門、番禺、花都、從化、增城、佛山、南海、順德、高明、中山、珠海、東莞、寶安、清遠、佛岡、英德、韶關、曲江、仁化、樂昌、高要、雲浮、新興、羅定、鬱南、梧州
四邑片[edit]
斗門、江門、新會、台山、開平、恩平、鶴山
勾漏片[edit]
陽山、連山、連州、廣寧、四會、德慶、封開（南豐）、懷集、玉林、蒙山（西河）、貴港（南江）、北流（唐僚）、博白、賀州（鋪門）
高陽片[edit]
陽江、信宜、茂名（新坡）、湛江、廉江
吳化片[edit]
吳川（吳陽）
邕潯片[edit]
南寧、桂平、百色、寧明、橫縣
欽廉片[edit]
合浦、欽州、靈山、浦北、北海
狗蝨、狗蟻[edit]
The 狗 in 狗蝨／狗虱 (“flea”) and 狗蟻／狗蚁 (“ant”) don't seem to mean anything. They appear to only be a k- prefix, found in some other animal names (e.g. 虼蚤 (gèzao, “flea”), 虼蚻 (“cockroach”)).
定母十二字[edit]
| Character | Meaning | Middle Chinese | Min Nan | Min Dong | Puxian Min | Min Bei | Min Zhong | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xiamen | Shantou | Fuzhou | Fu'an | Putian | Jian'ou | Jianyang | Yong'an | |||
| 蹄 | hoof | dei | te2 | toi2 | te2 | tɛ2 | tɛ2 | tai5 | tai2 | te2 |
| 弟 | younger brother | deiX | te6 | ti6 | tiɛ6 | ti6 | ti6 | ti1 | tie5 | te4 |
| 豆 | bean | dəuH | tau6 | tau6 | tau6 | tau6 | tau6 | te6 | təu6 | tø5 |
| 斷 | to break off | duɑnX | tŋ̍6 | tɯŋ6 | touŋ6 | touŋ6 | tuaŋ6 | tɔŋ6 | tuŋ5 | tum4 |
| 啼 | to weep | dei | tʰe2 | tʰi2 | tʰie2 | tʰi2 | tʰi2 | tʰi5 | hie2 | tʰe2 |
| 糖 | sugar | dɑŋ | tʰŋ̍2 | tʰɯŋ2 | tʰouŋ2 | tʰɔuŋ2 | tʰuŋ2 | tʰɔŋ5 | hɔŋ2 | tʰɔm2 |
| 疊 | to stack up | dep | tʰaʔ8 | tʰaʔ8 | tʰaʔ8 | tʰɛik8 | tiaʔ8 | tʰa6 | ha8 | tʰɔ4 |
| 頭 | head | dəu | tʰau2 | tʰau2 | tʰau2 | tʰau2 | tʰau2 | tʰe5 | həu2 | tʰø2 |
| 袋 | bag | dʌiH | ||||||||
| 脰 | neck | dəuH | ||||||||
| 毒 | poison | duok | ||||||||
| 銅 | copper | duŋ | ||||||||
| Character | Meaning | Middle Chinese | Mandarin | Cantonese | Hakka | Gan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beijing | Guangzhou | Meixian | Changting | Nanchang | |||
| 蹄 | hoof | dei | |||||
| 弟 | younger brother | deiX | |||||
| 豆 | bean | dəuH | |||||
| 斷 | to break off | duɑnX | |||||
| 啼 | to weep | dei | |||||
| 糖 | sugar | dɑŋ | |||||
| 疊 | to stack up | dep | |||||
| 頭 | head | dəu | |||||
| 袋 | bag | dʌiH | |||||
| 脰 | neck | dəuH | |||||
| 毒 | poison | duok | |||||
| 銅 | copper | duŋ | |||||
Butterfly[edit]
The words for "butterfly" in the southern China/southeast Asia look sort of similar:
| Language | Form | Transcription |
|---|---|---|
| Cantonese | 崩砂 (bēngshā) | pɐŋ⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵ |
| Vietnamese | bướm | ʔɓɨəm˧˦ |
| Zhuang (Wuming) | mbaj | ɓa˥ |
| Zhuang (Huanjiang) | mbungqmbaj | ɓuŋ⁵ ɓa³ |
| Lao | ແມງກະເບື້ອ (mǣng ka bư̄a) | (mǣng ka bư̄a) |
| Kam | ma³ | |
| Gelao | wa³ | |
| Sui | ʔba³ | |
| ʔba³ ʔbi³ | ||
| Maonan | buŋ⁴ ba⁴ |
Also, what is Hakka 揚蝶仔／扬蝶仔 (iɔŋ¹¹ iap̚⁵ pe³¹)?
蟬[edit]
In many southern dialects 蟬／蝉 ends in -m instead of the expected -n.