User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Indo-Iranian

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Reflexes of Proto-Indo-Iranian[edit]

Consonants[edit]

PIE pre-PII PII PIA Skr. PNur. pre-PIr. PIr. EOI LOI Examples
OAv. YAv. OP PIE PII Skr. PIr. Old Iranian
*b *b b *b b *bélom (“strength, force”) *bálam bálam [Term?]
*bʰ *bʰ bh *b[C 1] *bʰréh₂tēr (“brother”) *bʰráHtā bhrā́tā *bráHtā OAv. brā́ta, OP brā́tā
*b b β[C 2] *β ‹b›[C 2] *n̥bʰrós (“cloud”) *abʰrás abhrá *abráh YAv. aβra, MMP aβr
*b[C 3] > *p[C 4] *p p *p *pʰ[C 5] *f f *h₃nṓbʰs (“navel”) *Hnā́pš [Term?] *Hnā́fš
*p *p p *p *p p *ph₂tḗr (“father”) *pHtā́ pitā́ *pHtā́ OAv. pᵊtá, OP pitā́
*pʰ[C 5] *f f *h₂ṓps (“water”) *Hā́pš [Term?] *Hā́fš
p[C 6] f *septḿ̥ (“seven”) *saptá saptá *haftá OAv. haptá, BMP haft
*pʰ[C 7] ph *p *pʰ f *kepHos (“phlegm”) *kapʰas kaphaḥ *kafah OAv. kafə̄
*b[C 4] b *b b *pdós (“of the foot”) *bdás [Term?] *bdáh frabda
*píph₃eti (“to drink”) *píbati píbati
*d *d d *d *d d *dóru (“wood”) *dā́ru dā́ru *dā́ru YAv. dā́ᵘru, OP dā́ruv
*d[C 1] > *t[C 8] > *tʰ[C 7] *θ θ *deh₂iwḗr (“brother-in-law”) *daHiwā́ devā́ *θHaywā́
*dʰ[C 7] dh *d[C 1] d [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?]
*t[C 4] t *t t *h₁ḗdsi (“you eat”) *Hā́tsi *átsi
*t *t *t t *t *t t *tenúh₂s (“body”) *tanúHs tanū́ḥ *tanúHs OAv. tanū́š, OP tanū́š
*tʰ[C 9][C 5] *θ θ *twéHom (“you”, acc.sg.) *twáHam tvā́m *θwáHam OAv. θβąm, OP θᵘvā́m
θ *θ > š[C 10] *h₁sn̥tyós (“real, true”) *Hsatyás satyáḥ *Hhaθyáh OAv. haⁱθiiə̄́, OP hašiyáʰ
*θ > *δ[C 11] δ *δ <d> *wokʷtlom (“mouth”) *wáktram váktram *wáxδram YAv. váxᵊδrəm
*tʰ[C 12] th *t *tʰ *θ θ *tongʰéyeti (“to pull, weigh”) *tʰanǰʰáyati *θanǰáyati OAv. θaṇjaiieṇte, BMP sanǰed
*tʰ[C 7] *Hróth₂os (“chariot”) *Hrátʰas ráthaḥ *Hráθah
*t[C 13] t *sth₂uh₂néh₂ (“pillar”) *stʰuHnáH sthūṇā́ *stuHnáH OAv. stūná, OP stūnā́
*dʰ *dʰ dh *d[C 1] *d d *dʰoréyeti (“to hold”) *dʰāráyati dhāráyati *dāráyatī OAv. dāraiiat̰ (inj.), OP dārayāmiy (1sg.)
∅[C 14] ∅ *bʰudʰnés (“bottom”) *bʰudʰnás budhná *bunáh YAv. būnō
*g⁽ʷ⁾ *g⁽ʷ⁾ *g[C 15] g *g g *gʷṓws (“cow”) *gā́wš gáuḥ *gā́wš OAv. gā́uš, OP gā́vʰ
*g[C 15] > *ǵ[C 16] *ǰ /ǵź/[C 17] *ȷ́ j /dź/ *ǰ /dž/ j *gʷih₃wós (“alive”) *ǰiHwás jīváḥ *ǰiHwáh OAv. juuə̄́, OP jīváʰ
*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰ[C 7] *gʰ[C 15] gh *g[C 1] g [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?]
*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰ *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰ *dl̥h₁gʰós (“long”) *dr̥Hgʰás dīrgháḥ *dr̥Hgáh OAv. darᵊgə̄́, OP dargáʰ
*gʰ[C 15] > *ǵʰ[C 16] *ǰʰ /ǵźʰ/[C 17] *źʰ h *ǰ /dž/[C 1] j /dž/ *gʷʰn̥tós (“slain, killed”) *ǰʰatás hatáḥ *ǰatáh OAv. jatə̄́, OP jatáʰ
*g⁽ʷ⁾[C 3] > *k⁽ʷ⁾[C 4] *k[C 15] *k k *k *kʰ[C 5] *x x *dʰréwgʰs (“a lie”) *dʰrúkš dhrúk *drúxš OAv. druxš
*k⁽ʷ⁾ *k⁽ʷ⁾ k *k *k k *kóh₂mos (“wish”) *káHmas kā́maḥ *káHmah OAv. kā́mə̄, OP kā́maʰ
*kʰ[C 5] *x x *ḱukrós (“bright”) *ćukrás śukráḥ *ćuxráh OAv. suxrə̄́, OP θuxráʰ
*kʰ[C 12] kh *kʰ *kumbʰós (“vessel”) *kʰumbʰás kumbhá́ *xumbáh Av. xumba
*k[C 15] > *ḱ[C 16] *č /ḱś/[C 17] *ć c /tś/ *č *č /tš/ c /tš/ *(s)kérmn̥ (“skin”) *čárma cárman *čárma OAv. cárᵊman, OP cárman
*g⁽ʷ⁾[C 4] *g[C 15] g *g *g g *ḱekdʰí (“to be able”) *ćágdʰí śagdhí
*k⁽ʷ⁾ʰ[C 7] *kʰ[C 15] kh *k *kʰ *x x *sekʷh₂ṓy (“friend”) *sakʰā́y sakhā́ *haxā́y YAv. haxa
*ǵ *ǵ *ź[C 15] *ȷ́ /dź/[C 17] j /dź/ *j /dz/[C 18] z *δ <d> *ǵénh₁os (“race, lineage”) *ȷ́ánas jánaḥ *ȷ́ánah OAv. zánə̄
*g[C 19] g *g g g
*ḱ[C 4] *ś[C 15] *š[C 20] *ṣ ṣ *š š s *h₃reǵtós (“straightened”) *Hraštás [Term?] *Hraštáh OAv. rašta, OP rāsta
*ǵʰ[C 7] *źʰ[C 15] *ȷ́ʰ /dźʰ/[C 17] *źʰ h *ȷ́ *ȷ́ /dź/[C 1] *j /dz/[C 18] z *δ <d> *eǵh₂óm (“I”) *aȷ́ʰám ahám *aȷ́ám OAv. azə̄m, OP adam
*ǵʰ *ǵʰ *s[C 10] *δ > š[C 10] *h₁yaǵnós (“sacrifice”) *yaȷ́nás yajñá *yaȷ́náh OAv. yasnə̄́, BP yašn
*gʰ[C 19] gʰ *g[C 1] g g
*ḱ *ḱ *ś[C 15] *ć /tś/[C 17] *ś ś *c /ts/[C 18] s θ *ḱukrós (“bright”) *ćukrás śukráḥ *ćuxráh OAv. suxrə̄́, OP θuxráʰ
*θ > š[C 10] *h₂n̥ḱ-nó-s (“near”) *Haćnás [Term?] *Haćnáh OAv. asnāt̰, OP ašnaiy
*š[C 20] *ṣ ṣ *š š *h₃eḱtéh₃ (“eight”) *HaštáH aṣṭā́ *HaštáH OAv. aštā, MP hašt
*k[C 19] k *k k k
*s *s *s *s s *s *s *s s *h₂stḗr (“star”) *Hstā́ stṛ́ *Hstā́ OAv. star, BP [Book Pahlavi needed] (stl /⁠stār⁠/)
*h[C 21] h *sm̥-dʰó- (“with”) *sadʰá sadhá, sahá *hadā́ OAv. hadā́, OP hadā́
*∅[C 22] ∅ *š[C 23] š *h₂ṓps (“water”) *Hā́ps áp *Hā́fš YAv. āfš
*š[C 24] *ṣ ṣ *š *š š *h₁r̥stís (“spear”) *Hr̥štíš ṛṣṭíḥ *Hr̥štíš OAv. arštíš, OP arštíš
*ṣ[C 25]
*∅[C 22] ∅ *wṓkʷs (“voice, speech”) *wā́kš vā́k *wā́xš Av. vā́xš, OP wā́z
*z[C 4] *z *y *z z *nésdisth₂os (“closest”) *názdistʰas nédiṣṭhaḥ *názdištʰah OAv. názdištə̄
*ž[C 24] *ẓ *y *ž ž *nisdós (“nest”) *niždás nīḍáḥ [Term?]
*m *m m *m m *méh₂tēr (“mother”) *máHtā mā́tā *máHtā OAv. mā́tā, OP mā́tā
*n *n n *n n *néyHeti (“to lead”) *náyati náyati *náyatī YAv. naiieiti, OP anaya (impf.)
ṇ[C 26] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?]
*l *l *l~r l~r *r *r r *ḱelh₁éd (“autumn”) *ćarád śarád *ćarád OAv. sarə́d, OP θarád
*r *r r *bʰréh₂tēr (“brother”) *bʰráHtā bhrā́tā *bráHtā OAv. brā́ta, OP brā́tā
*ř[C 27] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?]
*∅[C 28] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?]
*w *w v *w *w v *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”) *wŕ̥kas vṛ́kaḥ *wárkah OAv. və́hrkə̄, OP várkaʰ
*w *w v *w *w *w <v> β[C 29] *w <v> [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?]
*y *y y *y y *h₁yaǵeti (“to honor”) *yáȷ́ati yájati *yáȷ́atī YAv. yázaiti, OP yádataiy

Consonant clusters[edit]

PIE pre-PII PII PIA OIA PNur pre-PIr PIr. EOI LOI Examples
Skr. OAv. YAv. OP PIE PII Skr. PIr. Old Iranian
DsK *dsg⁽ʷ⁾ *dzg⁽ʷ⁾[C 4] *dzg[C 15] *dg[C 30] dg *zg[C 31] zg *Hódsgʷos (“sprout”) *Hádᶻgas *ádgaḥ *Házgah BMP azg
*dsk⁽ʷ⁾ *tsk⁽ʷ⁾[C 4] *tsk[C 15] > *tsḱ[C 16] > *tśḱ[C 32] *ćč /tśḱś/[C 17] *ść[C 30] > *ćć cc *śč[C 31] *sč[C 18] sc *uds-kʷeh₁ (“above”) *utˢčáH uccā́ *usčáH YAv. uscá
D(s)T *dd *dᶻd[C 33] *dᶻd *dd[C 30] dd *dd *zd[C 31] zd [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] OAv. fra-uuōizdūm (2pl.aor.mid.inj.)
*dt *tt[C 4] > *tˢt[C 33][4] *tˢt *tt[C 30] tt *st[C 31] st *ud-tn̥h₂nós uttānáḥ OAv. ustānə̄́
*tt[C 4] *tˢt[C 33]
> *tˢtʰ[C 7] 		*tˢtʰ *ttʰ[C 30] tth št *stʰ[C 31] *st[C 13] st *ud-sth₂- (“standing up”) *utˢtʰa uttha
Dʰs *bʰs *bʰs *bzʰ[C 34] ps[C 35] *bz[C 1] *bž[C 1] bž *bʰsoHtós (“eaten”) *bžʰaHtás psātáḥ
*gʰs *gʰs *gʰš[C 24] *gžʰ[C 34] *gẓʰ kṣ[C 35] *gz[C 1] *gž[C 1] gž *dʰégʷʰsn̥ts (“laughing”) *dʰágžʰats jákṣat
*ǵʰs *ǵʰs *ǵʰš[C 24] > *źʰš[C 15]
> *źžʰ[C 34] 		*ȷ́žʰ /dźž/[C 17] *ḍẓʰ[C 30] *ṭṣ[C 35] > kṣ[C 36] *źžʰ[C 31] > *źž[C 1] *ž[C 37] ž *wéǵʰsn̥t (“to transport”, 3pl.) *wáȷ́žʰat vákṣat *wážat YAv. uz-uuažat
*ǵʰš[C 24] > *źʰš[C 15]
> *źžʰ[C 34] > *źž[C 38] 		*ȷ́ž /dźž/[C 17] *ḍẓ[C 30] *źž[C 31] *sísǵʰsetoy (“to overcome”) *sízȷ́žatay sī́kṣate
*ǵs[C 3] > *ḱs[C 4] *ḱš[C 24] > *śš[C 15] *ćš /tśš/[C 17] *ṭṣ[C 30] > *ṭ[C 22] ṭ *ć *śš[C 31] *š[C 37] š *neyǵʰs? (“a spit”) nikṣati YAv. naēzəm
DʰsK *bʰsḱ *bʰsḱ *bzʰḱ > *bzǵʰ[C 34]
> *bzǵ[C 38] > *bźǵ[C 32] 		*bźǰ /bźǵź/[C 17] *bȷ́ /bdź/[C 30] bj /bdź/ *bǰ /bdž/[C 31] *bǰ <bj> *ubʰsḱéti (“to press”) *ubǰáti ubjáti *ubǰáti OAv. ubjiiāite (pass.subj.)
*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰsḱ *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰsḱ *gʰsḱ[C 15] > *gzʰḱ
> *gzǵʰ[C 34] *gzǵ[C 38] > *gźǵ[C 32] 		*gźǰ /gźǵź/[C 17] *gȷ́[C 30] *źǰ[C 31] *zǰ[C 18] zj *twengʰsḱéti (“to compel”) *twenzǰáti [Term?] *θwenzǰátī YAv. θβązjaiti
Dʰt *bʰt *bʰt *bdʰ[C 34] bdh *bd[C 1] bd *ubʰtós (“woven”) *ubdʰás ubdháḥ *ubdáh YAv. ubdaēna
*dʰt *dʰt *ddʰ[C 34] *dᶻdʰ[C 33] *ddʰ[C 30] ddh *dd *zd[C 31] zd *n̥-dh₁téh₂ (“unbound”) *adᶻdʰáH addhā́ *azdáH OAv. azdā́
*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰt *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰt *gʰt[C 15] *gdʰ[C 34] gdh *dʰéwgʰti (“to milk”) *dáwgdʰi dógdhi *dáwgdī BMP dōš-
*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰtʰ[C 7] *gʰtʰ[C 15] > *gtʰ[C 39] *ktʰ[C 4] kth *t *kʰtʰ[C 5] *xθ > *xδ[C 11] xδ *h₁ugʰtHóm (“word”) *Huktʰám ukthám *Huxθám OAv. uxδa
*ǵʰt *ǵʰt *źʰt[C 15] > *źdʰ[C 34] *ždʰ[C 24] *ẓdʰ > *ẓḍʰ[C 40] *iʳḍʰ > iḍh[C 41] *žd[C 1] žd *h₃miǵʰtós (“urinated”) *Hmiždʰás mīḍháḥ YAv. maēzəṇti (3pl.)
Ks *ḱs *ḱs *ḱš[C 24] > *śš[C 15] *ćš /tśš/[C 17] *ṭṣ[C 30] kṣ[C 36] *ć *śš[C 31] *š[C 37] š *déḱsinos (“right (side)”) *dáṭṣinas dákṣiṇaḥ *dášinah OAv. dáṣ̌inə̄
*ǵs *ḱs[C 4] *ṭṣ[C 30] > *ṭ[C 22] ṭ *h₃rḗǵs (“king”) *Hrā́ćš rā́ṭ *Hrā́š
KKs *ḱks *ḱks *ḱkš[C 24] > *śkš[C 15] *kš *kṣ kṣ *kʰš[C 5] *xš xš *ḱíḱkseti (“to help”) *ćíkšati śíkṣati *ćíxšati YAv. Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (sixšəmna, ptc.pres.med.)
LT *lt *lt *lt *ḷt[C 42] > *ḷṭ[C 40] ṭ *rt *pol-to-s (“cloth”) *paltas paṭa [Term?] MP pardag
*rt *rt *rt *rt rt *ṭṭ *rt ṣ̌ rt [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?]
sK *sgʰ *zgʰ *zǵʰ[C 16] > *źǵʰ[C 32] *ȷ́ǰʰ /dź.ǵźʰ/[C 17] *dȷ́ʰ /d.dźʰ/[C 30] jj /d.dź/ *źǰʰ[C 31] > *źǰ[C 1] *zǰ /z.dž/[C 18] *zǰ <zj> *zz > *z *mésgʰn̥ (“marrow”) *maȷ́ǰʰan majján
*sg⁽ʷ⁾ *zg⁽ʷ⁾ *zǵ[C 16] > *źǵ[C 32] *ȷ́ǰ /dź.ǵź/[C 17] *dȷ́ /d.dź/[C 30] jj /d.dź/ *źǰ /ź.dž/[C 31] *zǰ /z.dž/[C 18] *zǰ <zj> *zz > *z *mésgeti (“to sink”) *mázǰati májjati
*sg⁽ʷ⁾ *zg⁽ʷ⁾ *zg[C 15] > *zǵ[C 16] > *źǵ[C 32] j /dź/, d *(s)gʷéseti (“to extinguish”) *ȷ́ǰásati jásate
*sk⁽ʷ⁾ *sk⁽ʷ⁾ /s.k⁽ʷ⁾/ *sk /s.k/[C 15] > *sḱ /s.ḱ/[C 16]
> *śḱ /ś.ḱ/[C 32] 		*ćč /tś.ḱś/[C 17] *ść /ś.tś/ śc /ś.tś/ *ć *śč /ś.tš/[C 31] *sč /s.tš/[C 18] sc *ss > s *poskʷéh₁ (“after”) *paćčáH paścā́ *pasčáH YAv. pasca, OP pasā
*sk⁽ʷ⁾ *sk[C 15] > *sḱ[C 16]
> *śḱ[C 32] 		*ćč /tśḱś/[C 17] *šć /štś/ ch /tśʰ/ *(s)ḱeh₃ih₂ *śćaHyáH chāyā́ *caHyáH OP *sāyakā
*sḱ *sḱ /s.ḱ/ *sś[C 15] /s.ś/
> *šś[C 24] /š.ś/ 		*šć /š.tś/[C 17] *šś /š.ś/ cch /t.tśʰ/ *šc /š.ts/ s *pr̥sḱéti (“to question”) *pr̥šćáti pṛcchāmi (1sg.) *pr̥šcáti OP pr̥sāmiy (1sg.)
*sḱ *sś[C 15] > *śś[C 32]
> *ść /śtś/[C 17] 		*šć /štś/[C 20] *šś /šś/ ch /tśʰ/ *šc /śts/ *c s θ *sḱn̥déyeti (“to appear”) *šćadáyati chadáyati *šcadáyati YAv. saδaiieiti, OP θadaya
Ts *ds *ts[C 4] *ts t *c /ts/ s θ *pṓds (“foot”) *pā́ts pā́t *pā́c
ts ts ts *ts *wotsós (“yearling calf”) *watsás vatsáḥ *waćáh MP wahīg
TK *dʰg⁽ʷ⁾ʰ *gʰθ[C 43] *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰs > *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰš[C 24] > *gʰš[C 15] *gžʰ[C 34] *gẓʰ kṣ[C 35] *gž gž *dʰgʷʰéreti (“to flow”) *gžʰárati kṣárati *gžáratī YAv. γžaraiti
*dʰǵʰ *ǵʰθ[C 43] *ǵʰs > *ǵʰš[C 24] > *źʰš[C 15]
> *źžʰ[C 34] 		*ȷ́žʰ /dźžʰ/[C 17] *ḍẓʰ[C 30] *ṭṣ[C 35] > kṣ[C 36] *źž[C 31] *ž[C 37] ž *dʰǵʰḿ̥h₂s (“earth”) *ȷ́žʰáHs kṣā́ḥ *žáHs
*tk⁽ʷ⁾ *k⁽ʷ⁾θ[C 43] *k⁽ʷ⁾s > *k⁽ʷ⁾š[C 24] *ks[C 15] *kṣ kṣ *č *kʰš[C 5] *xš xš *tketróm (“power”) *kšatrám kṣatrám *xšaθrám OAv. xšaθrə́m, OP xšaçám
*tḱ *ḱθ[C 43] *ḱs > *ḱš[C 24] > *śš[C 15] *ćš /tśš/[C 17] *ṭṣ[C 30] kṣ[C 36] *ć *śš[C 31] *š[C 37] š *tḱéyti (“to settle”) *ćšáyti kṣéti *šáyti OAv. šaēiti
Tw *ǵw *ǵw *źw[C 15] *ȷ́w /dźw/[C 17] *ȷ́w jv *zβ[C 44] zb z *ǵwélHeti (“to burn”) *ȷ́wálHati jválati
*ǵʰw *ǵʰw *źʰw[C 15] *ȷ́ʰw /dźʰw/[C 17] *źʰw hv *ǵʰwéreti (“to stagger”) *ȷ́ʰwárati hvárati *ȷ́wárati OAv. zbárəṇtī, MMP przyr-
*ḱw *ḱw *św[C 15] *ćw /tśw/[C 17] *św śv *čp *sφ[C 44] sp s *h₁éḱwos (“horse”) *Háćwas áśvaḥ *Háćwah YAv. áspō, OP ásaʰ
*tw *tw tv *θw θβ θw *twéHom (“you”, acc.sg.) *twáHam tvā́m *θwáHam OAv. θβąm, OP θᵘvā́m
rw *rw *rw *rw *rw rv *w *rw *rw <ᵘruu> *rw <rᵘv> [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?]
sw *sw *sw *sw *sw sv *šp *hw *xʷ xᵛ *hw <ʰuv> *swépnos (“sleep”) *swápnas svápnaḥ *xwápnah OAv. xᵛafᵊnə̄
CL *ḱL *ḱL *śr[C 15] *ćr /tśr/[C 17] *śr śr *cr /tsr/ *cr /ts/ sr *θr > *šr[C 10]
> *ṣ <ç> 		*ḱlównis (“buttocks”) *ćráwniš śróṇi *ćráwniš YAv. sraoni
*jr /dzr/[C 45] zr *δr > *šr[C 10]
> *ṣ <ç> 		*ḱreddʰéh₂ (“belief”) *ćradᶻdʰáH śraddhā́ *ȷ́razdáH YAv. zrazdā
tr *tr *tr *tr tr *tr *tʰr[C 7] *θr θr *šr[C 10] > *ṣ <ç> *putrós (“boy”) *putrás putráḥ *puθráh OAv. puθrə̄́, OP puçáʰ
*tr[C 13] tr *θr > *šr[C 10]
> *ṣ <ç> > š 		*úǵtros (“camel”) *úštras úṣṭraḥ *úštrah OAv. uštra, OP *uššaʰ
KY *k⁽ʷ⁾y *k⁽ʷ⁾y *ky[C 15] > *ḱy[C 16] *čy /ḱśj/[C 17] *ćy cy /tśj/ *čy *šy[C 9] š́ *šy <šiy> *kyéwetor (“(s)he goes”) *čyáwatey cyávate *šyáwatai OAv. š́auuaitē (med.), OP ašiyava (impf.)
*gʰy *gʰy *ǵʰy[C 16] *ǰʰy /ǵźʰj/[C 17] *źʰy hy *ǰy /džj/[C 1] *šy[C 9] *ǰy <jii> *źy > *ź
> ž 		*ǰy <jiy> *dʰrugʰyéti (“to deceive”) *dʰruǰʰyáti druhyáti *druǰyáti YAv. družaite (med.), OP ad(u)rujiya (impf.)
*gʰʲs > *gʲs[C 3]
> gʲš[C 24] > *kʲš[C 4] 		*čš[C 17] *ćṣ *čṣ *Hmíčš

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Dʰ > D[5]
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 > /V(r)_
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Tʰ > T /_s#[1][2][3]
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 D[-aspiration] > T /_{s,T}; s > z, p > b /_D (PIE voicing assimilation)[4]
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 T > Tʰ /_C
  6. ^ f > p /_t
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 T > Tʰ /_
  8. ^ D > T /_H[5]
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 > _y
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 {δ,θ} > š /_R
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 *θ > *δ /F_
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 T > Tʰ /_NDʰ[5]
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 *Tʰ > *T /S_
  14. ^ d > ∅ /V_N
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 15.21 15.22 15.23 15.24 15.25 15.26 15.27 15.28 15.29 15.30 15.31 15.32 15.33 15.34 15.35 15.36 Kʷ > K; Ḱ > Ś ("Satemization")
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 K > Ḱ /_ (palatalization)[5]
  17. ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 17.21 17.22 17.23 17.24 17.25 17.26 17.27 Ś > TŚ (affricization)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 Ś > S (depalatalization)[5]
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Ḱ > K /_L (Weise's Law)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 ś > š /[5][6]
  21. ^ s > h /[5]
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 C₁C₂ > C₁ /_#
  23. ^ *s > *š /P_
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 s > š /{K,L,i,Y}_ (Pedersen's ('RUKI') Law)
  25. ^ š > ṣ /r_
  26. ^ *n > ṇ /{r, ṣ}(…)_ (n-retroflexion)
  27. ^ *r > *ř /#_
  28. ^ r > ∅ /_{ć,b,m,p,ṣ}
  29. ^ v > β /_F[coronal]
  30. ↑ 30.00 30.01 30.02 30.03 30.04 30.05 30.06 30.07 30.08 30.09 30.10 30.11 30.12 30.13 30.14 30.15 30.16 T]σ[S]σ[T > TT (PIA TST dissimilation)
  31. ↑ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 31.11 31.12 31.13 31.14 31.15 31.16 T]σ[S]σ[T > ST (PIr TST dissimilation)
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 S > Ś /_Ć (palatal assimilation)[8]
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 ∅ > /T]σ[_]σ[ (Double-dental rule)
  34. ↑ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 34.10 34.11 > /Dʰ_ (Bartholomae's law)
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 DZʰ > TS
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 ṭṣ > kṣ
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 S₁S₂ > S₂
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 CCʰ[tautosyllabic] > CC[7]
  39. ^ (Grassman's law)
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 C > C̣ /_Ṭ (coronal assimilation)
  41. ^ ẓ > > /_ḍ (sibilant laxing)
  42. ^ lt, ls, ln > ḷt, ḷs, ḷn > ḷṭ, ḷṣ, ḷṇ > ṭ, ṣ, ṇ (Fortunatov's law)
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 TK > Kθ (Thorn metathesis)[8][9][10]
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 w > φ > ∅ /Z_
    w > β > ∅ /S_
  45. ^ *S₁(T)R...S₂ > *S₂(T)R...S₂

Vowels and syllabic consonants[edit]

PIE pre-PII PII PIA Skr. PNur PIr Av. Per. Examples
PIE PII Sanskrit PNur Ashkun/Kati PIR Old Avestan Old Persian
*n̥, *m̥ *e *a a *a a *ḱm̥tóm (“hundred”) *ćatám śatám [Term?] *ćatám satə́m BMP sad
*e *u *déḱm̥ (“ten”) *dáća[11] dáśa *dác Kt. duċ *dáća dasa BMP dah
ə̄[V 1] a *ǵʰl̥h₃enyom (“gold”) *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam híraṇyam [Term?] *ȷ́aranyam zarə̄nyə́m dáraniyam
ā[V 2] ā[V 2] *méh₂tēr (“mother”) *máHtā mā́tā [Term?] *máHtā mā́tā mā́tā
*a[V 3] a a *h₂epó (“off, away”) *Hapá ápa [Term?] *Hapá apa apa
*o[V 4] *a *h₁su-h₃épos (“well-working”) *HsuHápas svápas [Term?] *HsuHápah huuāpah BMP xūb
*o *o *ǵónh₁os (“birth; offspring”) *ȷ́ánas jánaḥ [Term?] *ȷ́ánah YAv.sruuōzanō paruvzanārām
*o[V 5] o *moḱsú (“early, soon”) *maćšú makṣū́ [Term?] *mošú mošú [Term?]
ā[V 2] *u *a ā[V 2] *kóh₂mos (“wish, desire”) *káHmas kā́maḥ [Term?] *káHmah kā́mə̄ kā́maʰ
*ō[V 6] *ā ā *ā ā *ǵónu (“knee”) *ȷ́ā́nu jā́nu *ją̄́ Kt. zā̃ *zā́nu zānu BMP zānūg
*ē *ē *h₂nḗr (“man”) *Hnā́ nā́ [Term?] *Hnā́ nā nā
*ō *ō *wṓkʷs (“voice, speech”) *wā́kš vā́k [Term?] *wā́xš vā́xš wā́z
*ey *ey *ay e *e *ay aē ai *h₁éyti (“to go”) *Háyti éti *éti Kt. eti, iti *Háyti aētī aitiy
*oy *oy ōi[V 7] *h₂n̥réy *Hnáray náre [Term?] *Hnáray narōi
*ēy *ēy *āy *āy ai *āy āi
*ōy *ōy *ā(y)[V 8] ā *ā(y) ā(i)
*ew *ew *aw o *uw *aw ao au *léwkos (“light”) *ráwčas rócaḥ *řóča Kt. ŕuc *ráwčah ráočə̄ ráučaʰ
*ow *ow ə̄u[V 9] *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰéwsos (“noise”) *gʰáwšas ghóṣaḥ [Term?] *gáwšah gə̄́ušə̄ gáušaʰ
*ēw *ēw *āw au *āw āu *stḗwti (“to praise”) *stā́wti stáuti [Term?] *stā́wti stāumī BMP stāyēd
*ōw *ōw
*i *i i *i i *ǵʰimós (“cold, frost”) *ȷ́ʰimás himáḥ *jím ẑím *ȷ́imáh zimə̄́ (gen.) BMP zam
ī[V 2] ī[V 2] *wiHrós (“man”) *wiHrás vīráḥ *wiHrá Ak. wiräkuṛä *wiHrás vīrə̄́ BMP wīr
*H *H *∅ ∅ *∅ ∅ [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?]
*H[V 10] ∅ *H *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”) *Hŕ̥ćšas ṛ́kṣaḥ *íćra Kt. ic *Hŕ̥šah árṣ̌ə̄ BMP ārs
*H̥[V 11][12] i *H̥ (i/a) i *ph₂tḗr (“father”) *pH̥tā́́ pitā́ [Term?] *pH̥tā́ p(i/a)ta pitā
ī[V 12] avamīt [Term?]
∅[V 13] ∅ ∅ ∅ *yéH₂ǵeti (“to honor”) *yáȷ́ati yájati [Term?] *yáȷ́atī YAv yázaiti yádataiy
*u *u u *u u *yugóm (“yoke”) *yugám yugám [Term?] *yugám yugə́m BMP juğ
ū[V 2] ū[V 2] *múh₂s (“mouse”) *múHs mū́ṣ [Term?] *múHs mūh BMP mušk
*ū *ū ū *ū ū *h₁su-uktós (“well-spoken”) *Hsūktás sūktáḥ [Term?] *Hhūxtáh hūxtə̄́
L̥ *r̥ r̥ *r̥ ərᵊ ạr *kʷr̥tós (“done”) *kr̥tás kṛtás [Term?] *kr̥táh kərᵊtə̄́ kạrtaʰ
əhr[V 14] *kŕ̥pos (“body”) *kŕ̥pas kṛ́paḥ [Term?] *kŕ̥pah kə́hrpə̄ BMP kirb
*r̥̄[V 2] > īr *r̥̄[V 2] > arᵊ *r̥̄[V 2] > ạr *dl̥h₁gʰós (“long”) *dr̥Hgʰás dīrgháḥ *drigá Kt. drigə̣ŕ *dr̥Hgáh darᵊgə̄́ dạrgáʰ
*r̥̄[V 2] > ūr[V 5] *r̥̄[V 2] > aᵘr *pr̥h₃wéh₂ (“in front of”) *pr̥HwáH pū́rva [Term?] *pr̥HwáH paᵘrvā́ pạrᵘvā́

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ *a > ə̄ /_N
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 VH > V̄; L̥H > V̄L
  3. ^ *e > *a /*h₂_
  4. ^ *e > *o /*h₃_
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cʷ_; _C₁{u,w}
  6. ^ o > ō /_]σ (Brugmann's law)
  7. ^ *ay > ōi /C_CC; _C#
  8. ^ *āy > *ā /_# (sporadic)
  9. ^ *aw > ə̄u /_*š
  10. ^ V_C
  11. ^ H > H̥ /C_C
  12. ^ H̥ > ī /C_C#
  13. ^ H > ∅_ /*ǵ (Lubotsky's law)
  14. ^ r̥ > ŕ̥ /_T

Abbreviations[edit]

# = word boundary
C = consonant
Cʰ = aspirated consonant
Ć = palatal consonant
Cʷ = labial consonant
C̥ = syllabic consonant
D = voiced stop (b, d, g, h₃, z)
E = front vowel (e, i)
F = fricative (δ, θ, x)
G = voiced velar stop
H = laryngeal
K = (voiceless) velar stop
L = liquid (l, r)
N = nasal (n, m)
P = bilabial stop (b, p)
R = sonorant (l, r, n, m)
T = (voiceless) stop
S = sibilant (s, z)
V = vowel
V̄ = long vowel
V̆ = short vowel
Vʷ = rounded vowel
X (ʰ, h₁, h₂)
Y = glide
Z = voiced sibilant


References[edit]

  1. ^ Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 212
  2. ^ The template Template:R:ine:HCHIEL does not use the parameter(s): 
    vol=I
    Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.    Kobayashi, Masato (2017–2018) “Chapter V: Indic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Indic, page 332
  3. ^ Kulikov, Leonid (2017) “Part 4 Chapter 2: Indo-Aryan”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 229
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, pages 117–123
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2017) Einführung ins Altiranische [Introduction to Old Iranian]‎[1] (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, pages 8-14
  6. ^ Martínez García, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1)‎[2], Brill, →ISBN, pages 10-37
  7. ^ Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 181
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kobayashi, Masato (2004) Historical Phonology of Old Indo-Aryan Consonants (Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series; 42)‎[3], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, →ISBN, page 70
  9. ^ Windfuhr, Gernot (2010) The Iranian Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), Oxon, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 49
  10. ^ The template Template:R:ine:HCHIEL does not use the parameter(s): 
    section=9.4.3.
    Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.    Cantera, Alberto (2017–2018) “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Iranian, page 495
  11. ^ Lua error in Module:quote at line 2385: |title= is an alias of |chapter=; cannot specify a value for both
  12. ^ Jamison, Stephanie W. (1988) “The Quantity of the Outcome of Vocalized Laryngeals in Indic”, in Bammesberger, Alfred, editor, Die Laryngaltheorie und die Rekonstruktion des indogermanischen Laut- und Formensystems, Heidelberg: Winter, pages 213-226
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