afrontar

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *affrontāre, from Latin ad frontem.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central) [ə.fɾunˈta]
• IPA^(key): (Balearic) [ə.fɾonˈta]
• IPA^(key): (Valencian) [a.fɾonˈtaɾ]
• Rhymes: -a(ɾ)

Verb

afrontar (first-person singular present afronto, first-person singular preterite afrontí, past participle afrontat); root stress: (Central, Valencian, Balearic) /o/

1. (transitive) to face, to confront

   Synonym: fer front

Conjugation

    Conjugation of afrontar (first conjugation)

infinitive			afrontar
gerund			afrontant
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		afrontat		afrontada
		plural		afrontats		afrontades
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	afronto	afrontes	afronta	afrontem	afronteu	afronten
	imperfect	afrontava	afrontaves	afrontava	afrontàvem	afrontàveu	afrontaven
	future	afrontaré	afrontaràs	afrontarà	afrontarem	afrontareu	afrontaran
	preterite	afrontí	afrontares	afrontà	afrontàrem	afrontàreu	afrontaren
	conditional	afrontaria	afrontaries	afrontaria	afrontaríem	afrontaríeu	afrontarien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	afronti	afrontis	afronti	afrontem	afronteu	afrontin
	imperfect	afrontés	afrontessis	afrontés	afrontéssim	afrontéssiu	afrontessin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	afronta	afronti	afrontem	afronteu	afrontin
	negative (no)	—	no afrontis	no afronti	no afrontem	no afronteu	no afrontin

Related terms

• afront
• front

Further reading

• “afrontar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “afrontar”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “afrontar” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “afrontar” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Galician

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese afrontar, from a Vulgar Latin *affrontāre, from Latin ad frontem. Equivalent to a- +‎ fronte +‎ -ar.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [afɾonˈtaɾ]

Verb

afrontar (first-person singular present afronto, first-person singular preterite afrontei, past participle afrontado)

1. (transitive) to face, confront

   Synonyms: arrostrar, encarar

2. (transitive) to abuse, insult

   Synonyms: deostar, insultar

3. (takes a reflexive pronoun) to take offense

   Synonyms: anoxar, ofender

   • 1697, José Gil Taboada, Grande loita de luceiros:

     Señora may (os luceyros
     Din) vostede s'afrontou
     Sen causa, porque esta loyta
     Ll'a de dar mais relumbros.

     Lady mother -the luminaries
     Say- your grace took offense
     With no motive, because this fight
     Will give you more shine

4. (takes a reflexive pronoun) to suffocate

   Synonyms: acorar, afogar, atafegar

5. (intransitive) to gasp, to pant

   Synonyms: ampear, arfar, inar

Conjugation

    Conjugation of afrontar

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	afrontar
Personal	afrontar	afrontares	afrontar	afrontarmos	afrontardes	afrontaren
Gerund
	afrontando
Past participle
Masculine	afrontado			afrontados
Feminine	afrontada			afrontadas
Indicative
Present	afronto	afrontas	afronta	afrontamos	afrontades	afrontan
Imperfect	afrontaba	afrontabas	afrontaba	afrontabamos	afrontabades	afrontaban
Preterite	afrontei	afrontaches	afrontou	afrontamos	afrontastes	afrontaron
Pluperfect	afrontara	afrontaras	afrontara	afrontaramos	afrontarades	afrontaran
Future	afrontarei	afrontarás	afrontará	afrontaremos	afrontaredes	afrontarán
Conditional	afrontaría	afrontarías	afrontaría	afrontariamos	afrontariades	afrontarían
Subjunctive
Present	afronte	afrontes	afronte	afrontemos	afrontedes	afronten
Imperfect	afrontase	afrontases	afrontase	afrontásemos	afrontásedes	afrontasen
Future	afrontar	afrontares	afrontar	afrontarmos	afrontardes	afrontaren
Imperative
Affirmative		afronta	afronte	afrontemos	afrontade	afronten
Negative (non)		non afrontes	non afronte	non afrontemos	non afrontedes	non afronten

    Reintegrated conjugation of afrontar (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	afrontar
Personal	afrontar	afrontares	afrontar	afrontarmos	afrontardes	afrontarem
Gerund
	afrontando
Past participle
Masculine	afrontado			afrontados
Feminine	afrontada			afrontadas
Indicative
Present	afronto	afrontas	afronta	afrontamos	afrontades, afrontais	afrontam
Imperfect	afrontava	afrontavas	afrontava	afrontávamos	afrontávades, afrontáveis, afrontávais1	afrontavam
Preterite	afrontei	afrontaste, afrontache1	afrontou	afrontamos	afrontastes	afrontárom, afrontaram
Pluperfect	afrontara	afrontaras	afrontara	afrontáramos	afrontárades, afrontáreis, afrontárais1	afrontaram
Future	afrontarei	afrontarás	afrontará	afrontaremos	afrontaredes, afrontareis	afrontarám, afrontarão
Conditional	afrontaria	afrontarias	afrontaria	afrontaríamos	afrontaríades, afrontaríeis, afrontaríais1	afrontariam
Subjunctive
Present	afronte	afrontes	afronte	afrontemos	afrontedes, afronteis	afrontem
Imperfect	afrontasse	afrontasses	afrontasse	afrontássemos	afrontássedes, afrontásseis	afrontassem
Future	afrontar	afrontares	afrontar	afrontarmos	afrontardes	afrontarem
Imperative
Affirmative		afronta	afronte	afrontemos	afrontade, afrontai	afrontem
Negative (nom)		nom afrontes	nom afronte	nom afrontemos	nom afrontedes, nom afronteis	nom afrontem

¹Less recommended.

Derived terms

• afronta

References

• “afrontar” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006–2022.
• “afront” in Xavier Varela Barreiro & Xavier Gómez Guinovart: Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval. SLI / Grupo TALG / ILG, 2006–2018.
• “afrontar” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.
• “afrontar” in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago: ILG.
• “afrontar” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).
• “afrontar” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.

Occitan

Etymology

Attested from the 12th century. From Old Occitan [Term?], from a Vulgar Latin *affrontāre, from Latin ad frontem.

Pronunciation

• Audio (Béarn)

  (file)

Verb

afrontar

1. to face, to confront

Conjugation

    Lengadocian (Central Occitan)

		simple			compound
infinitive		afrontar			aver afrontat
gerund		afrontant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		afrontat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	afronti	afrontas	afronta	afrontam	afrontatz	afrontan
	imperfect	afrontavi	afrontavas	afrontava	afrontàvem	afrontàvetz	afrontavan
	preterite	afrontèri	afrontères	afrontèt	afrontèrem	afrontèretz	afrontèron
	future	afrontarai	afrontaràs	afrontarà	afrontarem	afrontaretz	afrontaràn
	conditional	afrontariái	afrontariás	afrontariá	afrontariam	afrontariatz	afrontarián
	conditional 2nd form1	afrontèra	afrontèras	afrontèra	afronteram	afronteratz	afrontèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	afronte	afrontes	afronte	afrontem	afrontetz	afronten
	imperfect	afrontèssi	afrontèsses	afrontèsse	afrontèssem	afrontèssetz	afrontèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			afronta		afrontem	afrontatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Auvernhàs

		simple			compound
infinitive		afrontar			aver afrontat
gerund		afrontant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		afrontat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	afronte	afrontes	afronta	afrontam	afrontatz	afronton
	imperfect	afrontave	afrontaves	afrontava	afrontaviam	afrontaviatz	afrontavon
	preterite	afrontere	afronteres	afrontet	afrontem	afrontetz	afronteron
	future	afrontarai	afrontaràs	afrontará	afrontarem	afrontaretz	afrontarán
	conditional	afrontariá	afrontariás	afrontariá	afrontariam	afrontariatz	afrontarián
	conditional 2nd form1	afrontèra	afrontèras	afrontèra	afronteram	afronteratz	afrontèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	afronte	afrontes	afronte	afrontassiam	afrontassiatz	afronton
	imperfect	afrontesse	afrontesses	afrontesse	afrontessiam	afrontessiatz	afrontesson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			afronta		afrontassiam	afrontatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Gascon

		simple			compound
infinitive		afrontar			aver afrontat
gerund		afrontant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		afrontat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	afronti	afrontas	afronta	afrontam	afrontatz	afrontan
	imperfect	afrontavi	afrontavas	afrontava	afrontàvam	afrontàvatz	afrontavan
	preterite	afrontèi	afrontès	afrontè	afrontèm	afrontètz	afrontèn
	future	afrontarèi	afrontaràs	afrontarà	afrontaram	afrontaratz	afrontaràn
	conditional	afrontarí	afrontarés	afrontaré	afrontarem	afrontaretz	afrontarén
	conditional 2nd form1	afrontèra	afrontèras	afrontèra	afronteram	afronteratz	afrontèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	afronti	afrontes	afronte	afrontem	afrontetz	afronten
	imperfect	afrontèssi	afrontèsses	afrontèsse	afrontèssem	afrontèssetz	afrontèssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			afronta		afrontem	afrontatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Lemosin

		simple			compound
infinitive		afrontar			aver afrontat
gerund		afrontant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		afrontat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	afronte	afrontas	afronta	afrontam	afrontatz	afrontan
	imperfect	afrontava	afrontavas	afrontava	afrontàvam	afrontàvatz	afrontavan
	preterite	afrontei	afronteras	afrontet	afrontèram	afrontèratz	afronteran
	future	afrontarai	afrontaràs	afrontará	afrontarem	afrontaretz	afrontarán
	conditional	afrontariá	afrontariàs	afrontariá	afrontariam	afrontariatz	afrontarián
	conditional 2nd form1	afrontèra	afrontèras	afrontèra	afronteram	afronteratz	afrontèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	afronte	afrontes	afronte	afrontem	afrontetz	afronten
	imperfect	afrontèsse	afrontèsses	afrontèsse	afrontèssem	afrontèssetz	afrontèssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			afronta		afrontem	afrontatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Provençau

		simple			compound
infinitive		afrontar			aver afrontat
gerund		afrontant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		afrontat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	afronte	afrontes	afronta	afrontam	afrontatz	afrontan
	imperfect	afrontavi	afrontavas	afrontava	afrontàvem	afrontàvetz	afrontavan
	preterite	afrontère	afrontères	afrontèt	afronteriam	afronteriatz	afrontèron
	future	afrontarai	afrontaràs	afrontarà	afrontarem	afrontaretz	afrontaràn
	conditional	afrontariáu	afrontariás	afrontariá	afrontariam	afrontariatz	afrontarián
	conditional 2nd form1	afrontèra	afrontèras	afrontèra	afronteram	afronteratz	afrontèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	afronte	afrontes	afronte	afrontem	afrontetz	afrontan
	imperfect	afrontèsse	afrontèsses	afrontèsse	afrontessiam	afrontessiatz	afrontèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			afronta		afrontem	afrontatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

Portuguese

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese [Term?], from a Vulgar Latin *affrontāre, from Latin ad frontem. By surface analysis, a- +‎ fronte +‎ -ar.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /a.fɾõˈta(ʁ)/ [a.fɾõˈta(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /a.fɾõˈta(ʁ)/ [a.fɾõˈta(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /a.fɾõˈta(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /a.fɾõˈta(ʁ)/ [a.fɾõˈta(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /a.fɾõˈta(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐ.fɾõˈtaɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐ.fɾõˈtaɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐ.fɾõˈta.ɾi/

• Hyphenation: a‧fron‧tar

Verb

afrontar (first-person singular present afronto, first-person singular preterite afrontei, past participle afrontado)

1. (transitive) abuse (to insult)

   Synonyms: insultar, ultrajar, ofender

2. to confront
3. to face
4. to cause sickness

Conjugation

    Conjugation of afrontar (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	afrontar
Personal	afrontar	afrontares	afrontar	afrontarmos	afrontardes	afrontarem
Gerund
	afrontando
Past participle
Masculine	afrontado			afrontados
Feminine	afrontada			afrontadas
Indicative
Present	afronto	afrontas	afronta	afrontamos	afrontais	afrontam
Imperfect	afrontava	afrontavas	afrontava	afrontávamos	afrontáveis	afrontavam
Preterite	afrontei	afrontaste	afrontou	afrontamos1, afrontámos2	afrontastes	afrontaram
Pluperfect	afrontara	afrontaras	afrontara	afrontáramos	afrontáreis	afrontaram
Future	afrontarei	afrontarás	afrontará	afrontaremos	afrontareis	afrontarão
Conditional	afrontaria	afrontarias	afrontaria	afrontaríamos	afrontaríeis	afrontariam
Subjunctive
Present	afronte	afrontes	afronte	afrontemos	afronteis	afrontem
Imperfect	afrontasse	afrontasses	afrontasse	afrontássemos	afrontásseis	afrontassem
Future	afrontar	afrontares	afrontar	afrontarmos	afrontardes	afrontarem
Imperative
Affirmative		afronta	afronte	afrontemos	afrontai	afrontem
Negative (não)		não afrontes	não afronte	não afrontemos	não afronteis	não afrontem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:afrontar.

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *affrontāre, derived from Latin ad- + frontem. Doublet of afrentar. The expected diphthongization of Latin stressed /ŏ/ is attested in medieval conjugations such as afruenta.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /afɾonˈtaɾ/ [a.fɾõn̪ˈt̪aɾ]

• Audio (Venezuela):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: a‧fron‧tar

Verb

afrontar (first-person singular present afronto, first-person singular preterite afronté, past participle afrontado)

1. (transitive) to face, address, tackle, meet, deal with, confront, cope with, handle, bear, manage, (e.g. reality, an issue, a situation, a problem)

   Afrontémoslo... ― Let's face it...

2. to defy, to brave
3. to afford, to bear (e.g. a cost, a loss)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of afrontar (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			afrontar
gerund			afrontando
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		afrontado		afrontada
		plural		afrontados		afrontadas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	afronto	afrontastú afrontásvos	afronta	afrontamos	afrontáis	afrontan
	imperfect	afrontaba	afrontabas	afrontaba	afrontábamos	afrontabais	afrontaban
	preterite	afronté	afrontaste	afrontó	afrontamos	afrontasteis	afrontaron
	future	afrontaré	afrontarás	afrontará	afrontaremos	afrontaréis	afrontarán
	conditional	afrontaría	afrontarías	afrontaría	afrontaríamos	afrontaríais	afrontarían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	afronte	afrontestú afrontésvos2	afronte	afrontemos	afrontéis	afronten
	imperfect (ra)	afrontara	afrontaras	afrontara	afrontáramos	afrontarais	afrontaran
	imperfect (se)	afrontase	afrontases	afrontase	afrontásemos	afrontaseis	afrontasen
	future1	afrontare	afrontares	afrontare	afrontáremos	afrontareis	afrontaren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		afrontatú afrontávos	afronte	afrontemos	afrontad	afronten
	negative		no afrontes	no afronte	no afrontemos	no afrontéis	no afronten

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of afrontar

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive afrontar
	dative	afrontarme	afrontarte	afrontarle, afrontarse	afrontarnos	afrontaros	afrontarles, afrontarse
	accusative	afrontarme	afrontarte	afrontarlo, afrontarla, afrontarse	afrontarnos	afrontaros	afrontarlos, afrontarlas, afrontarse
with gerund afrontando
	dative	afrontándome	afrontándote	afrontándole, afrontándose	afrontándonos	afrontándoos	afrontándoles, afrontándose
	accusative	afrontándome	afrontándote	afrontándolo, afrontándola, afrontándose	afrontándonos	afrontándoos	afrontándolos, afrontándolas, afrontándose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative afronta
	dative	afróntame	afróntate	afróntale	afróntanos	not used	afróntales
	accusative	afróntame	afróntate	afróntalo, afróntala	afróntanos	not used	afróntalos, afróntalas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative afrontá
	dative	afrontame	afrontate	afrontale	afrontanos	not used	afrontales
	accusative	afrontame	afrontate	afrontalo, afrontala	afrontanos	not used	afrontalos, afrontalas
with formal second-person singular imperative afronte
	dative	afrónteme	not used	afróntele, afróntese	afróntenos	not used	afrónteles
	accusative	afrónteme	not used	afróntelo, afróntela, afróntese	afróntenos	not used	afróntelos, afróntelas
with first-person plural imperative afrontemos
	dative	not used	afrontémoste	afrontémosle	afrontémonos	afrontémoos	afrontémosles
	accusative	not used	afrontémoste	afrontémoslo, afrontémosla	afrontémonos	afrontémoos	afrontémoslos, afrontémoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative afrontad
	dative	afrontadme	not used	afrontadle	afrontadnos	afrontaos	afrontadles
	accusative	afrontadme	not used	afrontadlo, afrontadla	afrontadnos	afrontaos	afrontadlos, afrontadlas
with formal second-person plural imperative afronten
	dative	afróntenme	not used	afróntenle	afróntennos	not used	afróntenles, afróntense
	accusative	afróntenme	not used	afróntenlo, afróntenla	afróntennos	not used	afróntenlos, afróntenlas, afróntense

Derived terms

• afrontamiento

 

Related terms

• afrentar
• enfrentar
• frente

 

References

• Joan Coromines, José A. Pascual (1984) “frente”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (in Spanish), volumes II (Ce–F), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 954

Further reading

• “afrontar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014