外患

Chinese

		outside; in addition; foreign outside; in addition; foreign; external	misfortune; suffer (from illness); trouble misfortune; suffer (from illness); trouble; danger; worry; to contract (a disease)
trad. (外患)		外	患
simp. #(外患)		外	患
Literally: “external disaster”.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wàihuàn

  (Zhuyin): ㄨㄞˋ ㄏㄨㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngoi⁶ waan⁶
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): gōa-hoān

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wàihuàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄞˋ ㄏㄨㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wàihuàn
    • Wade–Giles: wai⁴-huan⁴
    • Yale: wài-hwàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wayhuann
    • Palladius: вайхуань (vajxuanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /waɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯än⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: ngoi⁶ waan⁶
    • Yale: ngoih waahn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngoi⁶ waan⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: ngoi⁶ wan⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɔːi̯²² waːn²²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōa-hoān
    • Tâi-lô: guā-huān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: goaxhoan
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ huan²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡua⁴¹⁻²² huan⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ huan²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ɡua³³⁻¹¹ huan³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡua³³⁻²¹ huan³³/

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• Middle Chinese: ngwajH hwaenH

Rime
Character	外	患
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	泰 (26)	刪 (70)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	五會切	胡慣切
Baxter	ngwajH	hwaenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋuɑiH/	/ɦˠuanH/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋʷɑiH/	/ɦʷᵚanH/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋuɑiH/	/ɣuɐnH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋwajH/	/ɦwaɨnH/
Li Rong	/ŋuɑiH/	/ɣuanH/
Wang Li	/ŋuɑiH/	/ɣwanH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋuɑiH/	/ɣwanH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wèi	huàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngoi6	waan6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s  [ɡ]ˤro[n]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷaːds  ɡroːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	外	患
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wài	huàn
Middle Chinese	‹ ngwajH ›	‹ hwænH ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/	/*[ɡ]ˁro[n]-s/
English	outside	calamity; distress
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	外	患
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	12606	5364
Phonetic component	外	患
Rime group	祭	元
Rime subdivision	1	3
Corresponding MC rime	外	患
Old Chinese	/*ŋʷaːds/	/*ɡroːns/
Notes		本從串（毌）聲

Noun

外患

1. foreign aggression; aggression from abroad

Synonyms

• 外侮 (wàiwǔ)
• 外禍／外祸 (wàihuò)

 

Derived terms

• 內憂外患／内忧外患 (nèiyōuwàihuàn)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (外患):

• → Japanese: 外患(がいかん) (gaikan)
• → Korean: 외환(外患) (oehwan)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
外	患
がい Grade: 2	かん Grade: S
kan’on

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) がいかん [gàíkáń] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ɡa̠ikã̠ɴ]

Noun

外(がい)患(かん) • (gaikan) ^{←ぐわいくわん (gwaikwan)?}

1. external pressure; foreign threat

   Antonyms: 内患 (naikan), 内憂 (naiyū)

Derived terms

• 外(がい)患(かん)罪(ざい) (gaikanzai)
• 内(ない)憂(ゆう)外(がい)患(かん) (naiyū gaikan)

Korean

Hanja in this term
外	患

Noun

外患 • (oehwan) (hangeul 외환)

1. Hanja form^? of 외환.