From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Chinese[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Rime
|
Character
|
自
|
古
|
以
|
來
|
Reading #
|
1/1
|
1/1
|
1/1
|
1/1
|
Initial (聲)
|
從 (15)
|
見 (28)
|
以 (36)
|
來 (37)
|
Final (韻)
|
脂 (15)
|
模 (23)
|
之 (19)
|
咍 (41)
|
Tone (調)
|
Departing (H)
|
Rising (X)
|
Rising (X)
|
Level (Ø)
|
Openness (開合)
|
Open
|
Open
|
Open
|
Open
|
Division (等)
|
III
|
I
|
III
|
I
|
Fanqie
|
疾二切
|
公戸切
|
羊己切
|
洛哀切
|
Baxter
|
dzijH
|
kuX
|
yiX
|
loj
|
Reconstructions
|
Zhengzhang Shangfang
|
/d͡ziɪH/
|
/kuoX/
|
/jɨX/
|
/lʌi/
|
Pan Wuyun
|
/d͡ziH/
|
/kuoX/
|
/jɨX/
|
/ləi/
|
Shao Rongfen
|
/d͡zjɪH/
|
/koX/
|
/ieX/
|
/lɒi/
|
Edwin Pulleyblank
|
/d͡ziH/
|
/kɔX/
|
/jɨX/
|
/ləj/
|
Li Rong
|
/d͡ziH/
|
/koX/
|
/iəX/
|
/lᴀi/
|
Wang Li
|
/d͡ziH/
|
/kuX/
|
/jĭəX/
|
/lɒi/
|
Bernard Karlgren
|
/d͡zʱiH/
|
/kuoX/
|
/iX/
|
/lɑ̆i/
|
Expected Mandarin Reflex
|
zì
|
gǔ
|
yǐ
|
lái
|
Expected Cantonese Reflex
|
zi6
|
gu2
|
ji5
|
loi4
|
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
|
Character
|
自
|
古
|
以
|
來
|
Reading #
|
2/2
|
1/1
|
1/1
|
2/2
|
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)
|
zì
|
gǔ
|
yǐ
|
lái
|
Middle Chinese
|
‹ dzijH ›
|
‹ kuX ›
|
‹ yiX ›
|
‹ loj ›
|
Old Chinese
|
/*s.[b]i[t]-s/
|
/*kˁaʔ/
|
/*ləʔ/
|
/*mə.rˁək/ (> *rˁə)
|
English
|
to follow; from
|
ancient
|
take, use
|
come
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
|
Zhengzhang system (2003)
|
Character
|
自
|
古
|
以
|
來
|
Reading #
|
1/1
|
1/1
|
1/1
|
1/1
|
No.
|
17879
|
4219
|
14929
|
7598
|
Phonetic component
|
自
|
古
|
以
|
來
|
Rime group
|
至
|
魚
|
之
|
之
|
Rime subdivision
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Corresponding MC rime
|
自
|
古
|
以
|
|
Old Chinese
|
/*ɦljids/
|
/*kaːʔ/
|
/*lɯʔ/
|
/*m·rɯːɡ/
|
自古以來
- from time immemorial; since ancient times
Synonyms[edit]
- 古來/古来 (gǔlái) (literary)
- 終古/终古 (zhōnggǔ) (literary)
- 自古 (zìgǔ)