駑馬

Chinese

		worn out old horses	horse; surname
trad. (駑馬)		駑	馬
simp. (驽马)		驽	马

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): númǎ

  (Zhuyin): ㄋㄨˊ ㄇㄚˇ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: númǎ
    • Zhuyin: ㄋㄨˊ ㄇㄚˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: númǎ
    • Wade–Giles: nu²-ma³
    • Yale: nú-mǎ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: numaa
    • Palladius: нума (numa)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /nu³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

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• Middle Chinese: nu maeX

Rime
Character	駑	馬
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	乃都切	莫下切
Baxter	nu	maeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nuo/	/mˠaX/
Pan Wuyun	/nuo/	/mᵚaX/
Shao Rongfen	/no/	/maX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nɔ/	/maɨX/
Li Rong	/no/	/maX/
Wang Li	/nu/	/maX/
Bernard Karlgren	/nuo/	/maX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nú	mǎ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	nou4	maa5

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*naː  mraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	馬
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mǎ
Middle Chinese	‹ mæX ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁraʔ/
English	horse
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	駑	馬
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	9602	8715
Phonetic component	女	馬
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	奴	馬
Old Chinese	/*naː/	/*mraːʔ/

Noun

駑馬

1. (literary) inferior horse; jade

   • 夫驥一日而千里，駑馬十駕，則亦及之矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     夫骥一日而千里，驽马十驾，则亦及之矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Xunzi, c. 3^rd century BCE

     Fū jì yīrì ér qiān lǐ, númǎ shí jià, zé yì jí zhī yǐ. [Pinyin]

     The horse Qi Ji could go a thousand li in a day, but with ten days of riding an old nag can also go that far.