User:PhanAnh123/Middle Vietnamese
Contrast between ‹d-› and ‹dĕ-›/‹d-›[edit]
It seems that there was a contrast between the phoneme consistently spelled with lone ‹d-› and the phoneme spelled with digraph ‹dĕ-›.
It's pretty clear that in the dialect de Rhodes recorded, there was an on-going (not yet near completion like ‹ꞗĕ-› > ‹ꞗ-›) loss of palatalization in words spelled with ‹dĕ-› [ðj-], resulted in a variant spelled with lone ‹d-› [ð-]. This [ð-] would eventually give rise to [z-] in modern Northern dialects. In the South, [ðj-] lost the fricative element and gave rise to the [j-] in modern dialects. Certain conservative North Central dialects, whose modern reflex is [ð-], shared the loss of palatalization with the Northern dialects (or maybe they were never palatalized there in the first place?), while other small dialects in Thanh Hoá and coastal Northern region have a rhotic.
Words spelled with ‹nh-› also frequently have variant spelled with ‹d-›, showing that in certain speakers, [ɲ] was merging into ‹d-›. However, this phenomenon is strangely underrepresented in modern dialects (except for certain words, such as những). Might be due to dialect leveling leading to demerging? (similar to the on-going demerging of ‹d-› < [ðj-] and ‹v-› < [βj-] in Southern dialects)
Before ‹ê› [e] and ‹i› [i] (and the diphthongs with these two letters as initial element), only ‹d-› can be found, but it did precede ‹e› [ɛ] (cf. dĕép > dép).
Words that were only spelled with ‹d-›[edit]
Excluding words also spelled with ‹nh-› or words that are etymologically from [ɲ] (such as dà (“house”) and dớ (“to remember”)). Note that medial *-j- was spirantized to [ʝ] and thus spelled with ‹gi-›, cf. gió.
| Spelling | Etymology | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | dài | PV *jaːr | |
| 2. | dần | MC 寅 (MC yin) | |
| 3. | danh | *jɛːŋ < *mjɛːŋ < MC 名 (MC mjieng) | |
| 4. | dậu | MC 酉 (MC yuwX) | |
| 5. | do | MC 由 (MC yuw) | |
| 6. | dữ | PV *jɨh | |
| 7. | dục | MC 欲 (MC yowk) | |
| 8. | du᷄̀ | MC 用 (MC yowngH) | |
| 9. | dương | MC 陽 (MC yang) | |
| 10. | dạ | PVM *j- | Particle. cf. Muong dã |
Words that can be spelled with ‹dĕ-›[edit]
‹dĕ-› can be ascertained to be phonetically [ðj-].
| Spelling | Etymology | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | dĕa, da | PV *-taː | |
| 2. | dĕạ, dạ | OC 肚 (OC *m-tˤaʔ) | |
| 3. | dĕái, dái | PV *k-taːlʔ | |
| 4. | dĕải, dải | LOC-EMC 帶 (OC *C.tˤ-) | |
| 5. | dĕạy, dạy | PVM -d- | cf. Muong đãy |
| 6. | dĕao, dao | OC 刀 (OC *C.tˤaw) | |
| 7. | dĕấu, dấu | PV *k-toːʔ | |
| 8. | dĕát | PV *-tac | Vietnamese dắt |
| 9. | dĕọn | PV *k-dɔːnʔ (tentative, the expected PV form) | Vietnamese dọn |
| 10. | dĕột, dột | Proto-Vietnamese *-d- | also spelled dĕọt, dọt |
| 11. | dĕựng, dựng | PV *pr-təŋʔ > *p-dəŋʔ | |
| 12. | dĕưới, dưới | PV *-taːlʔ |
Exceptions[edit]
A few forms such as dâu (“mulberry”) lack variants with ‹dĕ-›.