Appendix:Masurian Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Masurian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

№	English	Masurian mazurská gádkä edit (182)	IPA (key)
1	I (1sg)	já	[ˈjɒ]
2	you (2sg)	ti	[ˈti]
3	he, she, it (3sg)	ón	[ˈon]
4	we (1pl)	mi	[ˈmi]
5	you (2pl)	wi	[ˈvi]
6	they (3pl)	óni, ónÿ, óne	[ˈoɲi], [ˈonɪ], [ˈonɛ]
7	this	tén	[ˈten]
8	that	ôwtén, tamtén	[ˈwɔften], [ˈtamten]
9	here	ajwo, ajw, tu	[ˈajvɔ], [ˈajf], [ˈtu]
10	there	tam, tamój	[ˈtam], [ˈtamoj]
11	who	chto	[ˈxtɔ]
12	what	co	[ˈt͡sɔ]
13	where	gdżie, kiéni	[ˈɡd͡ʒʲɛ], [ˈkjeɲi]
14	when	kiedi	[ˈkjɛdi]
15	how	jek	[ˈjɛk]
16	not	nie	[ˈɲɛ]
17	all	wsÿstek, wszio, wsÿśtko, wsÿtko	[ˈfsɪstɛk], [ˈfʃʲɔ], [ˈfsɪɕtkɔ], [ˈfsɪtkɔ]
18	many	ziele, sziła	[ˈʑɛlɛ], [ˈʃʲiwa]
19	some	kilkä, kila, ksÿne	[ˈkilkʲæ], [ˈkila], [ˈksɪnɛ]
20	few	mało, niesziła	[ˈmawɔ], [ɲɛʃˈʲiwa]
21	other	insÿ, inaksÿ, jénsÿ, drugi	[ˈinsɪ], [ˈinaksɪ], [ˈjensɪ], [ˈdruɡi]
22	one	jedén	[ˈjɛden]
23	two	dwa	[ˈdva]
24	three	trżi	[ˈtr̝i]
25	four	sztéri	[ˈʃteri]
26	five	psiéncz	[ˈpɕent͡ʃ]
27	big	duzÿ, srogi, walnÿ, zielgi	[ˈduzɪ], [ˈsrɔɡi], [ˈvalnɪ], [ˈʑɛlɡi]
28	long	dłudzki, długi	[ˈdwut͡ski], [ˈdwuɡi]
29	wide	séroki	[seˈrɔki]
30	thick	grubi, grubski	[ˈɡrubi], [ˈɡrupski]
31	heavy	cziénzki	[ˈt͡ʃʲenski]
32	small	małi	[ˈmawi]
33	short	krótki	[ˈkrotki]
34	narrow	wónski	[ˈvonski]
35	thin	cziénki	[ˈt͡ʃʲeŋki]
36	woman	bziáłkä, kobziéta	[ˈbʑɒwkʲæ], [kɔbˈʑeta]
37	man (adult male)	chłop	[ˈxwɔp]
38	man (human being)	cłoziek, cłek	[ˈt͡swɔʑɛk], [ˈt͡swɛk]
39	child	bach, dżiecko, dżiecz, dżiecziuk	[ˈbax], [ˈd͡ʒʲɛt͡skɔ], [ˈd͡ʒʲɛt͡ʃ], [ˈd͡ʒʲɛt͡ʃʲuk]
40	wife	bziáłkä	[ˈbʑɒwkʲæ]
41	husband	chłop	[ˈxwɔp]
42	mother	matkä	[ˈmatkʲæ]
43	father	ôcziec	[ˈwɔt͡ʃʲɛt͡s]
44	animal	zziérż, stworżénie	[ˈzʑer̝], [stfɔrˈ̝eɲɛ]
45	fish	riba	[ˈriba]
46	bird	pták	[ˈptɒk]
47	dog	psies	[ˈpɕɛs]
48	louse	wes, wsa, lojza	[ˈvɛs], [ˈfsa], [ˈlɔjza]
49	snake	wónz	[ˈvons]
50	worm	robák	[ˈrɔbɒk]
51	tree	scep	[ˈst͡sɛp]
52	forest	bór	[ˈbor]
53	stick	kijec, knébel	[ˈkijɛt͡s], [ˈknebɛl]
54	fruit	ôwoc	[ˈwɔvɔt͡s]
55	seed	żiárno, żiárko	[ˈʒʲɒrnɔ], [ˈʒʲɒrkɔ]
56	leaf	list, liszcz	[ˈlist], [ˈliʃt͡ʃ]
57	root	korżéń, wurcel	[ˈkɔr̝eɲ], [ˈvurt͡sɛl]
58	bark (of a tree)	kóra, kora	[ˈkora], [ˈkɔra]
59	flower	ksiát	[ˈkɕɒt]
60	grass	tráwa	[ˈtrɒva]
61	rope	prowóz	[ˈprɔvos]
62	skin	skóra	[ˈskora]
63	meat	nieso, niénso	[ˈɲɛsɔ], [ˈɲensɔ]
64	blood	kréw	[ˈkref]
65	bone	gnát	[ˈɡnɒt]
66	fat (noun)	fét, tłusc	[ˈfet], [ˈtwust͡s]
67	egg	jájko, jejko	[ˈjɒjkɔ], [ˈjɛjkɔ]
68	horn	róg	[ˈrok]
69	tail	ôgón	[ˈwɔɡon]
70	feather	psióro	[ˈpɕorɔ]
71	hair	włos	[ˈvwɔs]
72	head	głowa	[ˈɡwɔva]
73	ear	ûcho	[ˈwuxɔ]
74	eye	ôko	[ˈwɔkɔ]
75	nose	nos	[ˈnɔs]
76	mouth	lepi	[ˈlɛpi]
77	tooth	zómb	[ˈzomp]
78	tongue (organ)	jénzÿk	[ˈjenzɪk]
79	fingernail	pazor, paznokecz, paznokcz	[ˈpazɔr], [pazˈnɔkɛt͡ʃ], [ˈpaznɔkt͡ʃ]
80	foot
81	leg	nogä	[ˈnɔɡʲæ]
82	knee	kolano	[kɔˈlanɔ]
83	hand	rénkä	[ˈreŋkʲæ]
84	wing	skrżidło	[ˈskr̝idwɔ]
85	belly	bełch, bełk, zÿwot	[ˈbɛwx], [ˈbɛwk], [ˈzɪvɔt]
86	guts	wnéntrnoszczie, bebechi	[vnenˈtrnɔʃt͡ʃʲɛ], [bɛˈbɛxi]
87	neck	sÿja	[ˈsɪja]
88	back	bari	[ˈbari]
89	breast	psiérsz	[ˈpɕerʃ]
90	heart	sérce	[ˈsert͡sɛ]
91	liver	cziénzká wóntroba	[ˈt͡ʃʲenskɒ vonˈtrɔba]
92	to drink	psicz	[ˈpɕit͡ʃ]
93	to eat	jeszcz	[ˈjɛʃt͡ʃ]
94	to bite	griżcz	[ˈɡriʃt͡ʃ]
95	to suck
96	to spit	plucz	[ˈplut͡ʃ]
97	to vomit	bóntowacz	[bonˈtɔvat͡ʃ]
98	to blow	dmuchäcz	[ˈdmuxʲæt͡ʃ]
99	to breathe	ôddichäcz, dichäcz	[wɔdˈdixʲæt͡ʃ], [ˈdixʲæt͡ʃ]
100	to laugh	szniácz	[ˈʃɲɒt͡ʃ]
101	to see	zidżiécz	[ˈʑid͡ʒʲet͡ʃ]
102	to hear	słisécz	[ˈswiset͡ʃ]
103	to know	ziedżiécz	[ˈʑɛd͡ʒʲet͡ʃ]
104	to think	miszlécz	[ˈmiʃlet͡ʃ]
105	to smell	cucz	[ˈt͡sut͡ʃ]
106	to fear	bojécz, lénkäcz	[ˈbɔjet͡ʃ], [ˈleŋkʲæt͡ʃ]
107	to sleep	spacz	[ˈspat͡ʃ]
108	to live	zÿcz	[ˈzɪt͡ʃ]
109	to die	pomrżécz, zemrżécz, ûmrżécz, zdechnóncz	[ˈpɔmr̝et͡ʃ], [ˈzɛmr̝et͡ʃ], [ˈwumr̝et͡ʃ], [ˈzdɛxnont͡ʃ]
110	to kill	zabzicz	[ˈzabʑit͡ʃ]
111	to fight	walcÿcz, kämpfowacz	[ˈvalt͡sɪt͡ʃ], [kʲæmˈpfɔvat͡ʃ]
112	to hunt	jachtowacz, jájtowacz	[jaxˈtɔvat͡ʃ], [jɒjˈtɔvat͡ʃ]
113	to hit	buchäcz	[ˈbuxʲæt͡ʃ]
114	to cut
115	to split
116	to stab
117	to scratch
118	to dig
119	to swim	płiwacz	[ˈpwivat͡ʃ]
120	to fly	furacz	[ˈfurat͡ʃ]
121	to walk	chodżicz, iszcz	[ˈxɔd͡ʒʲit͡ʃ], [ˈiʃt͡ʃ]
122	to come	prżijszcz	[ˈpr̝ijʃt͡ʃ]
123	to lie (as in a bed)	lezécz	[ˈlɛzet͡ʃ]
124	to sit	szedżiécz	[ˈʃɛd͡ʒʲet͡ʃ]
125	to stand	stojécz	[ˈstɔjet͡ʃ]
126	to turn (intransitive)
127	to fall
128	to give	dawacz	[ˈdavat͡ʃ]
129	to hold
130	to squeeze
131	to rub
132	to wash
133	to wipe
134	to pull	czióngnóncz	[ˈt͡ʃʲoŋɡnont͡ʃ]
135	to push	pchäcz	[ˈpxʲæt͡ʃ]
136	to throw	cziskäcz	[ˈt͡ʃʲiskʲæt͡ʃ]
137	to tie	ziónzacz	[ˈʑonzat͡ʃ]
138	to sew	sÿcz	[ˈsɪt͡ʃ]
139	to count	rachowacz	[raˈxɔvat͡ʃ]
140	to say	mózicz, rżec	[ˈmoʑit͡ʃ], [ˈr̝ɛt͡s]
141	to sing	spsiéwacz	[ˈspɕevat͡ʃ]
142	to play
143	to float
144	to flow
145	to freeze
146	to swell
147	sun	słónko	[ˈswoŋkɔ]
148	moon	nieszióndz, ksziénzÿc	[ˈɲɛʃʲont͡s], [ˈkʃʲenzɪt͡s]
149	star	gziázdä	[ˈɡʑɒzdʲæ]
150	water	woda	[ˈvɔda]
151	rain	désc	[ˈdest͡s]
152	river	rżékä	[ˈr̝ekʲæ]
153	lake	jeżióro	[jɛʒˈʲorɔ]
154	sea	morże	[ˈmɔr̝ɛ]
155	salt	sól	[ˈsol]
156	stone	käniéń	[ˈkʲæɲeɲ]
157	sand	psiásek	[ˈpɕɒsɛk]
158	dust	kurżawa	[kurˈ̝ava]
159	earth	żiéń, żiéniá	[ˈʒʲeɲ], [ˈʒʲeɲɒ]
160	cloud	ôbłok, ôbłocek	[ˈwɔbwɔk], [wɔˈbwɔt͡sɛk]
161	fog	mgła	[ˈmɡwa]
162	sky	niebo	[ˈɲɛbɔ]
163	wind	zietrż	[ˈʑɛtr̝]
164	snow	szniég	[ˈʃɲek]
165	ice	lód	[ˈlot]
166	smoke	dim	[ˈdim]
167	fire	ôgiéń	[ˈwɔɡjeɲ]
168	ash	popsiół, aszia	[ˈpɔpɕow], [ˈaʃʲa]
169	to burn
170	road	drogä	[ˈdrɔɡʲæ]
171	mountain	góra	[ˈɡora]
172	red	cérwónÿ	[ˈt͡servonɪ]
173	green	żielónÿ	[ˈʒʲɛlonɪ]
174	yellow	zołti	[ˈzɔwti]
175	white	bziáłi	[ˈbʑɒwi]
176	black	cárnÿ	[ˈt͡sɒrnɪ]
177	night	noc	[ˈnɔt͡s]
178	day	dżiéń	[ˈd͡ʒʲeɲ]
179	year	rok	[ˈrɔk]
180	warm	cziepłi	[ˈt͡ʃʲɛpwi]
181	cold	żimnÿ	[ˈʒʲimnɪ]
182	full	pełnÿ	[ˈpɛwnɪ]
183	new	nowi	[ˈnɔvi]
184	old	stari	[ˈstari]
185	good	dobri	[ˈdɔbri]
186	bad	lichi, złi	[ˈlixi], [ˈzwi]
187	rotten
188	dirty	cárnÿ, brudnÿ	[ˈt͡sɒrnɪ], [ˈbrudnɪ]
189	straight
190	round
191	sharp (as a knife)	fatki	[ˈfatki]
192	dull (as a knife)
193	smooth
194	wet	mokri	[ˈmɔkri]
195	dry	suchi	[ˈsuxi]
196	correct	richticnÿ, prawi	[ˈrixtit͡snɪ], [ˈpravi]
197	near	bliski	[ˈbliski]
198	far	daléki	[daˈleki]
199	right	prawo	[ˈpravɔ]
200	left	léwo	[ˈlevɔ]
201	at	prżi, û	[ˈpr̝i], [ˈwu]
202	in	w, we	[ˈf], [ˈvɛ]
203	with	z, ze	[ˈs], [ˈzɛ]
204	and	i	[ˈi]
205	if	eszli	[ˈɛʃli]
206	because	bo	[ˈbɔ]
207	name	niano, nazisko, náma	[ˈɲanɔ], [naˈʑiskɔ], [ˈnɒma]

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Abinomn Albanian Amdo Tibetan Amharic Armenian Aromanian Assamese Asturian Avar Azerbaijani Bangala Bashkir Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Moroccan Amazigh Tashelhit Central Atlas Tamazight Big Nambas Breton Bulgarian Burmese Burushaski Cape Verdean Carpathian Rusyn Catalan Chamorro Chechen Chinese Mandarin Standard Mandarin Sichuanese Nanjingese Cantonese Gan Hakka Min Hokkien Eastern Min Old Chinese Wu Shanghainese Suzhounese Xiang Cornish Creole Antillean Creole Guinea-Bissau Creole Jamaican Creole Haitian Creole Crimean Tatar Czech Old Czech Dalmatian Danish Dutch Afrikaans Limburgish Dutch Zealandic Dutch Egyptian English Old English Middle English Elamite Estonian Etruscan Fanagalo Faroese Fijian Finnish Fongbe French Old French Frisian Friulian Galician Garo Gelao Georgian German Gothic Greek Ancient Greek Guaraní Gujarati Hausa Hawaiian Hindustani Hindi Fiji Hindi Urdu Hittite Hmong Hungarian Hunsrik Icelandic Indonesian Ingush Irish Italian Japanese Old Japanese Classical Japanese Javan Betawi Javanic Standard Javanese Eastern Javanic Kangeanic Osing Sundanese Kannada Kashubian Kazakh Khmer Komi-Zyrian Konkani Jizhao Koreanic Korean Middle Korean Jeju Kurmanji Kurukh Kyrgyz Latin Vulgar Latin Latvian Ligurian Lingala Lithuanian Lombard Low Saxon Sallaands Lower Sorbian Macedonian Malagasy Malayalam Maltese Mandaic Mansi Northern Mansi Manx Māori Marathi Old Marathi Mauritian Creole Megleno-Romanian Mongolian Murui Huitoto Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Norwegian Bokmål Nynorsk Occitan Ojibwe Okinawan Old Tupi Ossetian Papiamento Pashto Persian Old Persian Middle Persian Philippines Bikol Central Bikol Cebuano Hiligaynon Ilocano Kapampangan Kinaray-a Maguindanao Maranao Sambali Tagalog Waraywaray Pirahã Polish Old Polish Portuguese Old Portuguese Punjabi Purepecha Quechua Rajasthani Romani Caló Romanian Russian Sangisari Sanskrit Saraiki Scottish Gaelic Semitic Arabic Standard Arabic Cypriot Arabic Egyptian Arabic Juba Arabic Moroccan Arabic South Levantine Arabic Tunisian Arabic Hebrew Biblical Hebrew Modern Hebrew Yiddish Serbo-Croatian Siberian Tatar Sicilian Sinhala Slovak Slovene Somali Spanish Chavacano Sranan Sulawesi Southern Sulawesi Bugis Makasar Sumatran Eastern Sumatran Malay Southeast Sumatran Musi Sumerian Swahili Swedish Tahitian Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Temiar Tigrinya Thai Tocharian B Tok Pisin Tooro Turkic Turkish Turkmen Tuvaluan Ukrainian Upper Sorbian Uyghur Uzbek Vietnamese Walloon Welsh West Coast Bajau Wutunhua Wyandot Zazaki Zulu ǃXóõ
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afroasiatic Algonquian and Iroquoian Arabic Austroasiatic Austronesian (Oceanic) Baltic Bantu Berber Celtic Chumashan and Hokan Dené–Yeniseian Dravidian Formosan Frisian Germanic Hmong-Mien Indo-Aryan Middle Early New Indo-Iranian Italian Japonic Kra–Dai Mayan Muskogean Niger–Congo Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Oto-Manguean Paleosiberian Pama-Nyungan Penutian Romance Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Raji-Raute Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Burman (Nepal) Kho-Bwa Kuki-Chin Slavic Siouan and Pawnee South American Tungusic Tupian Turkic Uralic Finnic Uto-Aztecan
Constructed languages
Esperanto Ido Interlingua Interlingue Klingon Láadan Lingua Franca Nova Lingwa de Planeta (Lidepla) Lojban Novial Toki Pona Volapük
Reconstructed proto-languages
Proto-Austronesian Proto-Balto-Slavic Proto-Bantu Proto-Basque Proto-Celtic Proto-Germanic Proto-Hellenic Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Italic Proto-Japanese Proto-Mayan Proto-Slavic Proto-Turkic Proto-West Germanic
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