Appendix:Paraguayan Guaraní basic vocabulary
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Below is a list of basic vocabulary items in Paraguayan Guaraní from Estigarribia (2020).[1]
List[edit]
Food[edit]
| aratiku | ‘chirimoya’ |
| avakachi | ‘pineapple’ |
| avati | ‘corn’ |
| avatimirĩ | ‘wheat’ |
| chipa | ‘small starch and cheese bread rolls’ |
| chipa guasu | ‘a kind or corn souffle with cheese’ (very different from chipa) |
| hi'apy | ‘food, foodstuff’ |
| jety | ‘sweet potato’ |
| jopara | ‘corn and bean stew’ |
| karatĩ | ‘potato’ |
| kumanda | ‘beans’ |
| kure ro'o | ‘pork’ |
| mamóne | ‘papaya’ |
| mandi'o | ‘manioc’ |
| manduvi | ‘peanut’ |
| mbeju | ‘a starch and cheese flatbread’ |
| mbokaja | ‘coconut palm’ |
| mbokaja'a | ‘coconut’ (fruit) |
| mbujape | ‘bread’ |
| merõ | ‘melon’ |
| narã | ‘orange’ |
| pakova | ‘banana’ |
| pira | ‘fish’ |
| ryguasu ro'o | ‘chicken’ |
| sevói | ‘onion’ |
| sevoiry | ‘garlic’ |
| sópa paraguái | ‘a kind of corn bread’ (note: despite the Spanish word ‘sopa’ in the name, this is not a soup) |
| takuare'ẽ | ‘sugar cane’ |
| tembi'u, rembi'u, hembi'u | ‘food, meal’ |
| týra | ‘breads or sides to accompany a meal’ |
| vaka ro'o | ‘beef’ |
| vori | ‘a thick soup with cheese and cornmeal balls’ |
| yva he'ẽ | ‘watermelon’ |
| yva | ‘fruit; apple’ |
| yvapytã | ‘strawberry’ |
Body parts[edit]
| ahy'o | ‘throat’ |
| ajúra | ‘neck’ |
| akã | ‘head’ |
| ape | ‘back’ |
| apysa | ‘(inner) ear’ |
| atĩ | ‘temple’ |
| ati'y | ‘shoulder’ |
| atúa | ‘nape of the neck’ |
| aty | ‘temple’ |
| áva | ‘hair’ |
| juru | ‘mouth’ |
| jyva | ‘arm’ |
| jyvanga | ‘elbow’ |
| káma | ‘breast; nipple’ |
| kangue | ‘bone’ |
| korasõ | ‘heart’ |
| kũ | ‘tongue’ |
| ku'a | ‘waist’ |
| kuã | ‘finger’ |
| kupy | ‘shin’ |
| nambi | ‘(outer) ear’ |
| ñe'ã | ‘heart’ |
| po | ‘hand’ |
| puru’ã | ‘navel’ |
| py | ‘foot’ |
| py'a | ‘stomach; heart’ |
| pyapy | ‘wrist’ |
| pysã | ‘toe’ |
| pyta | ‘heel’ |
| pytasã | ‘Achilles tendon’ |
| pytasãngue | ‘ankle’ |
| pyti'a | ‘chest’ |
| syva | ‘forehead’ |
| tague/rague/hague | ‘hair’ |
| tãi/rãi/hãi | ‘tooth’ |
| tãimbíra/rãimbíra/hãimbíra | ‘gingiva, gum’ |
| tako/rako/hako | ‘vagina’ |
| takuãi/rakuãi/hakuãi | ‘penis’ |
| tañykã/rañykã/hañykã | ‘jaw, chin’ |
| tapi'a/rapi'a/hapi'a | ‘testicle; penis’ |
| tapypa'ũ/rapypa'ũ/hapypa'ũ | ‘lap (front part of lower trunk and thighs when seated)’ |
| tatu | ‘vulva’ |
| tatypy/ratypy/hatypy | ‘cheek’ |
| ta'ỹi/ra'ỹi/ha'ỹi | ‘testicle’ |
| tembe/rembe/hembe | ‘lip’ |
| tembo/rembo/hembo | ‘penis’ |
| tendyva/rendyva/hendyva | ‘beard’ |
| tenymy'a/renymy'a/henymy'a | ‘knee’ |
| tenypy'ã/renypy'ã/henypy'ã | ‘knee’ |
| tesa/resa/hesa | ‘eye’ |
| tete/rete/hete | ‘body’ |
| tetyma/retyma/hetyma | ‘leg’ |
| tevi/revi/hevi | ‘anus’ |
| teviro'o/reviro'o/heviro'o | ‘buttocks’ |
| titi | ‘nipple; breast’ |
| tĩ | ‘nose’ |
| topea/ropea/hopea | ‘eyelash’ |
| tope(pi)/rope(pi)/hope(pi) | ‘eyelid’ |
| tova/rova/hova | ‘face’ |
| továi/rovái/hovái | ‘forehead’ |
| tuguy/ruguy/huguy | ‘blood’ |
| tumby/rumby/humby | ‘hip’ |
| tumbyro'o/rumbyro'o/humbyro'o | ‘buttocks’ |
| tye/rye/hye | ‘abdomen, belly’ |
| tyvyta | ‘eyebrow’ |
| uvã | ‘thigh’ |
| uvãkangue | ‘femur’ |
Senses[edit]
| apysa | ‘hearing’ |
| he'andupáva | ‘taste’ |
| hetũha | ‘smell’ |
| pokoandu | ‘touch’ |
| techapy | ‘sight’ |
Numbers[edit]
| peteĩ | 1 |
| mokõi | 2 |
| mbohapy | 3 |
| irundy | 4 |
| po | 5 |
| pa | 10 |
| sa | 100 |
| su | 1,000 |
| sua | 1,000,000 |
Kinship terms[edit]
| jarýi | ‘grandmother’ |
| jaryisy | ‘great-grandmother’ |
| kypy'y | ‘a woman’s younger sister’ |
| kyvy | ‘a woman’s brother’ |
| kyvyraty | ‘a woman’s brother’s wife’ |
| machu | ‘grandmother’ |
| memby | ‘a woman’s child’ |
| ména | ‘husband’ |
| menarã | ‘boyfriend, fiancé’ |
| ñembokiha | ‘girlfriend’ |
| óga(y)gua | ‘relative; family’ |
| sy | ‘mother’ |
| ta'ýra/ra'y/ita'ýra | ‘a man’s son’ |
| taita | ‘father’ |
| taitachu | ‘great-grandfather’ |
| taita guasu | ‘grandfather’ |
| tajýra/rajý/itajýra | ‘a man’s daughter’ |
| tamói/ramói/hamói | ‘grandfather; ancestor’ |
| teindy(ra)/reindy/heindy | ‘a man’s sister’ |
| tembireko/rembireko/hembireko | ‘wife’ |
| tembirekorã/rembirekorã/hembirekorã | ‘fiancée’ |
| temiarirõ/remiarirõ/hemiarirõ | ‘grandchild’ |
| tovaja/rovaja/hovaja | ‘brother-in-law’ |
| túva/ru/itúva | ‘father’ |
| tyke'y(ra)/ryke'y/hyke'y | ‘a man’s older brother’ |
| tyke(ra)/ryke/hyke | ‘a woman’s older sister’ |
| tyvýra/ryvy/ityvýra | ‘a man’s younger brother’ |
| tyvyraty/ryvyraty/ityvyraty | ‘a younger brother’s wife’ |
| uke'i | ‘sister-in-law’ |
Animals[edit]
| aguara | ‘fox’ |
| guasu(tĩ), guasuvira | ‘deer’ |
| jagua | ‘dog’ |
| jaguarete | ‘tiger’ |
| jatyta | ‘snail’ |
| karãu | ‘ibis’ |
| karumbe | ‘tortoise’ |
| kavaju | ‘horse’ |
| kavara | ‘goat’ |
| kure | ‘pig’ |
| kururu | ‘frog; toad’ |
| kyju | ‘cricket’ |
| leõ | ‘lion’ |
| mainumby | ‘hummingbird’ |
| mbarakaja | ‘cat’ |
| mberu | ‘fly’ |
| mbói | ‘snake’ |
| mborevi | ‘tapir’ |
| mburika | ‘donkey’ |
| mbyju'i | ‘swallow’ |
| muã | ‘firefly’ |
| mykurẽ | ‘weasel’ |
| ñakyrã | ‘cicada’ |
| ñati'ũ | ‘mosquito’ |
| ovecha | ‘sheep’ |
| panambi | ‘butterfly’ |
| pira | ‘fish’ |
| pykasu | ‘pigeon’ |
| ryguasu | ‘chicken’ |
| sañarõ | ‘a kind of blue-green bee’ |
| sevo'i | ‘earthworm’ |
| tahýi | ‘ant’ |
| tarave | ‘cockroach’ |
| tarekaja | ‘turtle’ |
| tatu | ‘armadillo’ |
| teju | ‘lizard’ |
| tuku | ‘grasshopper’ |
| vaka | ‘cow’ |
| ynambu | ‘tinamou’ |
| yso | ‘caterpillar’ |
Time[edit]
General[edit]
| angepyhare | ‘last night’ |
| ára | ‘day’ |
| arakue | ‘during the day’ |
| arapokõindy | ‘week’ |
| aravo | ‘hora’ |
| aravo'i | ‘minute’ |
| asaje | ‘early afternoon’ |
| asajekue | ‘during the early afternoon’ |
| asajepyte | ‘noon’ |
| jasy | ‘month’ (literally, ‘moon’) |
| ka'aru | ‘mid-afternoon’ |
| ka'aruete | ‘late afternoon’ |
| ka'arukue | ‘during mid-afternoon’ |
| ka'arupytũ | ‘dusk’ |
| ka'arupytũvo | ‘at dusk’ |
| ko'ág˜a/ko'ãga | ‘now’ |
| ko'ára | ‘today’ |
| ko'ẽambuéro | ‘the day after tomorrow’ |
| ko'ẽju | ‘dawn’ |
| ko'ẽmbota | ‘on the verge of dawn’ |
| ko'ẽro | ‘tomorrow’ |
| ko'etĩ | ‘dawn’ |
| kuehe ambue pyhare | ‘the night before last night’ |
| kuehe ambue | ‘the day before yesterday’ |
| kuehe | ‘yesterday’ |
| pyhare | ‘night’ |
| pyharekue | ‘at night’ |
| pyharepyte | ‘midnight’ |
| pyhareve | ‘morning’ |
| pyhareveasaje | ‘from 10 a.m. to noon’ |
| pyharevete | ‘early morning’ |
Neologisms for the days of the week[edit]
| arateĩ | ‘Sunday’ (literally, ‘day one’) |
| arakõi | ‘Monday’ (literally, ‘day two’) |
| araapy | ‘Tuesday’ (literally, ‘day three’) |
| ararundy | ‘Wednesday’ (literally, ‘day four’) |
| arapo | ‘Thursday’ (literally, ‘day five’) |
| arapoteĩ | ‘Friday’ (literally, ‘day six’) |
| arapokõi | ‘Saturday’ (literally, ‘day seven’) |
Neologisms for the months of the year[edit]
| jasyteĩ | ‘January’ (literally, ‘moon one’) |
| jasykõi | ‘February’ (literally, ‘moon two’) |
| jasyapy | ‘March’ (literally, ‘moon three’) |
| jasyrundy | ‘April’ (literally, ‘moon four’) |
| jasypo | ‘May’ (literally, ‘moon five’) |
| jasypoteĩ | ‘June’ (literally, ‘moon six’) |
| jasypokõi | ‘July’ (literally, ‘moon seven’) |
| jasypoapy | ‘August’ (literally, ‘moon eight’) |
| jasyporundy | ‘September’ (literally, ‘moon nine’) |
| jasypa | ‘October’ (literally, ‘moon ten’) |
| jasypateĩ | ‘November’ (literally, ‘moon eleven’) |
| jasypakõi | ‘December’ (literally, ‘moon twelve’) |
Dwelling[edit]
| apyka | ‘chair’ |
| guapyha | ‘chair’ |
| inimbe | ‘cot’ |
| japepo | ‘(mud) pot’ |
| kagua | ‘drinking-glass’ |
| korapy | ‘yard’ |
| kosina | ‘kitchen’ |
| koty | ‘room’ |
| kuimbe | ‘spoon’ |
| kutuha | ‘fork’ |
| kypa | ‘fork’ |
| kyse | ‘knife’ |
| mesa | ‘table’ |
| ña'ẽmbe | ‘plate’ |
| óga/róga/hóga | ‘house’ |
| okẽ | ‘door’ |
| ovetã | ‘window’ |
| tapỹi | ‘native dwelling, hut’ |
| tatakua | ‘stove’ |
| tatarupa | ‘kitchen’ |
| teko'a | ‘hamlet’ |
| tekoha | ‘habitat of a Guarani group’ |
| tenimbe/renimbe/henimbe | ‘cot’ |
| tupa/rupa/hupa | ‘bed’ |
Colours[edit]
| aky | ‘green’ |
| hũ | ‘black’ |
| hũngy | ‘grey’ |
| ka'irague | ‘brown; chestnut’ |
| morotĩ | ‘white’ |
| pytã | ‘red’ |
| pytã('y)ju | ‘orange’ |
| pytãngy | ‘pink’ |
| pytãrovy | ‘lilac; purple’ |
| pytaũ | ‘purple’ |
| pytũ | ‘dark’ |
| sa'yju | ‘yellow’ |
| tovy/hovy/rovy | ‘blue; green’ |
| tovyju/hovyju/rovyju | ‘yellowish green’ |
| tovy(ka)ngy/rovy(ka)ngy/hovy(ka)ngy | ‘light blue’ |
| tovyũ/rovyũ/hovyũ | ‘(dark) green’ |
List of relational roots and morphemes[edit]
| óga | ‘house’ |
| okẽ | ‘door’ |
| ovetã | ‘window’ |
| ta'anga | ‘image’ |
| ta'arõ | ‘wait’ |
| ta'ã | ‘attempt; effort’ |
| tague | ‘hair’ |
| tai | ‘line; writing’ |
| tái | ‘tooth’ |
| tãimbíra | ‘gingiva, gum’ |
| tãimbiti | ‘teeth-clenching’ |
| tãitarara | ‘teeth-chattering’ |
| taity | ‘nest’ |
| tajýra | ‘daughter.of.father’ (rajý POSS.M, itajýra POSS.M.3) |
| takã | ‘tree branch’ |
| tako | ‘vagina’ |
| taku | ‘warmth’ |
| takua | ‘pointy’ |
| takuãi | ‘penis’ |
| takuvo | ‘sun glare’ |
| takuvy | ‘lukewarm’ |
| tañyka | ‘jaw, chin’ |
| tape | ‘road’ |
| tapo | ‘root’ |
| tapy | ‘burn’ |
| tapykue | ‘behind’ |
| tapypa'ũ | ‘lap (front part of lower trunk and thighs when seated)’ |
| tasa | ‘to pass, to cross’ |
| tasẽ | ‘cry’ |
| taso | ‘become full of maggots’ |
| tasy | ‘sickness; pain’ |
| tata | ‘fire’ |
| tatatĩ | ‘smoke’ |
| tatypy | ‘cheek’ |
| taviju | ‘fuzz, down, plush’ (cf. non-triform aviju ‘fuzz’) |
| tayhu | ‘love’ |
| ta'ỹi | ‘testicle’ |
| ta'ýra | ‘son.of.father’ (ra'ý POSS.M, ita'ýra POSS.M.3) |
| techa | ‘sight’ |
| techagi | ‘neglect’ |
| techakuaa | ‘understanding’ |
| techambi | ‘suspicion’ |
| techaramo | ‘admiration’ |
| techavoi | ‘foreboding’ |
| teindy | ‘sister.of.male’ |
| teja | ‘abandonment’ |
| teka | ‘search’ |
| teko | ‘nature; essence; being; culture’ |
| tekove | ‘life, existence’ |
| tekovia | ‘replacement’ |
| tekua | ‘current; canal’ |
| tekuaty | ‘cavern’ |
| tekýi | ‘taking away’ |
| tembe | ‘lip’ |
| tembiporu | ‘utensil, tool’ |
| tembi'u | ‘food’ |
| tembo | ‘penis’ |
| temby | ‘surplus, excess, leftover’ |
| temiandu | ‘visit’ |
| tenda | ‘place’ |
| tendu | ‘listen’ |
| tendy | ‘saliva; fire; flame’ |
| tendysyry | ‘drool’ |
| tendyva | ‘beard’ |
| tenimbe | ‘cot’ (cf. non-triform inimbe ‘cot’) |
| tenimbo | ‘thread’ (cf. non-triform inimbo ‘thread (not in relation to |
| tenói | ‘call’ |
| tenonde | ‘in front of’ |
| tenyhẽ | ‘fullness’ |
| tenymy'a | ‘knee’ |
| tenypy'ã | ‘knee’ |
| teñói | ‘birth; sprout’ |
| te'o | ‘death’ |
| te'õ | ‘humid’ |
| te'ongue | ‘corpse’ |
| tepy | ‘price, value’ |
| téra | ‘name’ |
| tero | ‘nickname’ |
| tesa | ‘eye’ |
| tesãi | ‘health’ |
| tesapara | ‘difficulty’ |
| tesape | ‘light, clarity, illumination, ray of light’ |
| tesarái | ‘oblivion’ |
| teta | ‘quantity; many’ |
| tetã | ‘nation, country’ |
| tete | ‘body’ |
| tetia'e | ‘good humour’ |
| tetũ | ‘smell; kiss’ |
| tetyma | ‘leg’ |
| tevi | ‘anus’ |
| teviro'o | ‘buttocks’ |
| te'ỹi | ‘to scratch’ |
| togue | ‘leaf’ |
| toky | ‘sprout’ |
| tope | ‘(pea) pod; petal; eyelid’ |
| topea | ‘eyelash’ |
| topehýi | ‘sleepiness’ |
| topepi | ‘eyelid’ |
| tory | ‘bliss, joy’ |
| tova | ‘face’ |
| továi | ‘forehead’ |
| tovaja | ‘brother-in-law/sister-in-law’ |
| tovasa | ‘blessing’ |
| tovy | ‘blue’ |
| to'o | ‘meat’ (cf. non-triform so'o ‘meat (alienable)’) |
| to'y | ‘cold’ |
| to'ysã | ‘coolness’ |
| tu'ã | ‘summit’ |
| tuguy | ‘blood’ |
| tumby | ‘hip’ |
| tupa | ‘bed’ |
| tupã | ‘god’ |
| tupi'a | ‘egg’ |
| túva | ‘father’ (ru POSS.M, itúva POSS.M.3) |
| tuvicha | ‘leader’ |
| ty'ái | ‘sweat’ |
| tye | ‘abdomen, belly’ |
| tyjúi | ‘bubble, froth’ |
| tykue | ‘juice; wet’ |
| tymba | ‘animal’ (cf. non-triform mymba ‘domesticated animal’) |
Areal verbs[edit]
| ko'õ | ‘to itch’ |
| korocho'o | ‘to smooth out’ |
| kotevẽ | ‘to need’ |
| kuaa | ‘to know’ |
| kuatia | ‘to write’ |
| kutu | ‘to pierce’ |
| ky'o | ‘to delouse’ |
| kyra'o | ‘to degrease’ |
| kytĩ | ‘to cut’ |
| nupã | ‘to beat’ |
| papa | ‘to count’ |
| pete | ‘to slap’ |
| pichãi | ‘to pinch’ |
| pire'o | ‘to skin’ |
| poepy | ‘to reward’ |
| pohano | ‘to cure’ |
| pohéi | ‘to wash (one’s) hands’ |
| poka | ‘to twist’ |
| pokua | ‘to tie (someone’s) hands’ |
| pokuaa | ‘to get someone used to something’ |
| popete | ‘to clap’ |
| porangareko | ‘to esteem, to respect, to admire’ |
| poravo | ‘to choose’ |
| poriahuvereko | ‘to feel pity’ |
| poru | ‘to use’ |
| pota | ‘to want’ |
| pyhy | ‘to grab’ |
| pyso | ‘to extend, to stretch’ |
| pysyrõ | ‘to save’ |
| pyte | ‘to suck’ |
| pytyvõ | ‘to help’ |
| sambyhy | ‘to guide, to govern’ |
| su'u | ‘to bite’ |
| typei | ‘to sweep’ |
| tyvyro | ‘to shake’ |
Footnotes[edit]
- ^ Estigarribia, Bruno. 2020. A Grammar of Paraguayan Guarani. Grammars of World and Minority Languages. London: UCL Press. ISBN: 9781787352872 https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787352872 (open access). (This book is published under a Creative Commons 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0).)
Bibliography[edit]
Dictionaries[edit]
- Ávalos Ocampos, Celso. 2017. Ñe'ẽryruguasu (Gran diccionario) Guaraní-Español - Español Guaraní. Asunción: El Lector. [In Spanish].
- Britton, A. Scott. 2005. Guaraní Concise Dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books.
- Diccionario iGuarani. (Guarani-Spanish).
- Krivoshein de Canese, Natalia, and Feliciano Acosta Alcaraz. 2018.
- Ñe'ẽryru avañe'ẽ-karaiñe'ẽ karaiñe'ẽ-avañe'ẽ. Diccionario guaraní-español español guaraní. Asunción: Instituto Superior de Lenguas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Colección Ñemity. [In Spanish].
- Professor Wolf Lustig’s Interactive Guarani Dictionary. (Trilingual Guarani-Spanish-German).
Grammars and linguistic resources[edit]
- Estigarribia, Bruno. 2020. A Grammar of Paraguayan Guarani. Grammars of World and Minority Languages. London: UCL Press. ISBN: 9781787352872 (open access)
- Ayala, José V. 1996. Gramática Guaraní. Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Educación y Cultura de la Nación de la República Argentina. [In Spanish].
- Krivoshein de Canese, Natalia, and Feliciano Acosta Alcaraz. 2007. Gramática guaraní. Asunción: Instituto Superior de Lenguas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción. [In Spanish].
- Liuzzi, Silvio M. 2006. Guaraní elemental: Vocabulario y gramática. Corrientes, Argentina: Moglia Ediciones. [In Spanish].
- Estigarribia, Bruno, and Justin Pinta. 2017. Guarani Linguistics in the 21st Century. Leiden: Brill.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
- Guarani Raity bookstore