函

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See also: 凾
函 U+51FD, 函
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51FD
← 凼
[U+51FC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 凾 →
[U+51FE]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

函 (Kangxi radical 17, 凵+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 山弓水 (UNE) or 弓山水 (NUE), four-corner 10772, composition ⿶凵⿻丂⿱丷八)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 135, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1826
  • Dae Jaweon: page 303, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 309, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+51FD

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 函
alternative forms 圅

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 函
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (函) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
蜬 *kuːm, *ɡuːm
函 *ɡuːm, *ɡruːm
涵 *ɡuːm, *ɡuːmʔ
顄 *ɡuːm, *ɡuːmʔ
圅 *ɡuːm
菡 *ɡuːmʔ

Originally 圅, a pictogram (象形) – an upside-down arrow stored inside a box with one or two handles.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: hang5 - Chenghai.
Rime
Character 函 函
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 覃 (159) 咸 (151)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) I II
Fanqie 胡男切 胡讒切
Baxter hom heam
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦʌm/ /ɦˠɛm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦəm/ /ɦᵚæm/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɒm/ /ɣɐm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəm/ /ɦəɨm/
Li
Rong 		/ɣᴀm/ /ɣɐm/
Wang
Li 		/ɣɒm/ /ɣɐm/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣăm/ /ɣăm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hán xián
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ham4 haam4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 函
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hán
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hom ›
Old
Chinese 		/*Cə-m-kˁ[ə]m/
English envelop, contain

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 函 函
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 4861 4869
Phonetic
component 		函 函
Rime
group 		侵 侵
Rime
subdivision 		3 3
Corresponding
MC rime 		含 咸
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡuːm/ /*ɡruːm/

Definitions[edit]

函

  1. † to include
  2. † box
  3. (formal) letter (Classifier: 個／个 m)
    發函／发函  ―  fāhán  ―  to send a letter

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 信 (“letter”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 書, 函, 書札, 書函, 便紙 Korea
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 信, 函, 書信, 信件, 信函, 信札, 函件, 書函, 書簡, 書牘, 書札
Mandarin Beijing 信
Taiwan 信
Yantai (Muping) 信
Jinan 信
Luoyang 信
Wanrong 信
Xi'an 信
Yinchuan 信
Lanzhou 信
Xining 信
Ürümqi 信
Wuhan 信
Chengdu 信
Guiyang 信
Guilin 信
Liuzhou 信
Xuzhou 信
Yangzhou 信
Nanjing 信
Hefei 信
Malaysia 信
Singapore 信
Dagudi (Maliba) 信
Reshuitang (Longling) 信
Mae Salong (Lancang) 信
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 信
Cantonese Guangzhou 信
Hong Kong 信
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 信
Macau 信
Guangzhou (Panyu) 信
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 信
Guangzhou (Conghua) 信
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 信
Foshan 信
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 信
Foshan (Shunde) 信
Foshan (Sanshui) 信
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 信
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 信
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 信
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 信
Zhuhai (Doumen) 信
Jiangmen (Baisha) 信
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 信
Taishan 信
Kaiping (Chikan) 信
Enping (Niujiang) 信
Heshan (Yayao) 信
Dongguan 信
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 信
Shaoguan 信
Yunfu 信
Yangjiang 信
Xinyi 信
Lianjiang 信
Beihai 信
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 信
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 信
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 信
Singapore (Guangfu) 信
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 信
Móng Cái 信
Gan Nanchang 信
Lichuan 信
Pingxiang 信
Hakka Meixian 信
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 信
Dongguan (Qingxi) 信
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 信
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 信
Wuhua (Shuizhai) 信
Wuhua (Huacheng) 信
Wuhua (Changbu) 信
Wuhua (Mianyang) 信
Conghua (Lütian) 信
Luhe 信仔
Yudu 信
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 信仔
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 信仔
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 信仔
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 信
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 信仔, 信
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 批, 信
Hong Kong 信
Huizhou Jixi 信
Jin Taiyuan 信
Xinzhou 信
Northern Min Jian'ou 信
Songxi 信
Jianyang 信
Eastern Min Fuzhou 批
Gutian 批
Pingnan 批, 信
Ningde 批
Zhouning 批
Fuding 信
Matsu 批
Singapore (Fuqing) 批
Southern Min Xiamen 批, 批信
Quanzhou 批, 批信
Yongchun 批
Zhangzhou 批, 批信
Zhao'an 批
Taipei 批
New Taipei (Sanxia) 批
Kaohsiung 批
Yilan 批
Changhua (Lukang) 批
Taichung 批
Taichung (Wuqi) 批
Tainan 批, 批信
Taitung 批
Hsinchu 批
Kinmen 批
Penghu (Magong) 批
Penang (Hokkien) 批
Singapore (Hokkien) 批, 批信
Manila (Hokkien) 批
Longyan 信
Datian 信
Chaozhou 信, 批 international incoming letters
Bangkok (Teochew) 信, 家批 dated
Singapore (Teochew) 信, 批
Batam (Teochew) 信
Leizhou 信
Wenchang 信 domestic, 批 international
Haikou 信
Singapore (Hainanese) 信, 批
Puxian Min Putian 批
Xianyou 批
Fuding (Aoyao) 批
Central Min Yong'an 信
Shaxian 信
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 信
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 信
Wu Shanghai 信
Shanghai (Chongming) 信
Suzhou 信
Danyang 信
Ningbo 信
Wenzhou 信
Jinhua 信
Xiang Changsha 信
Loudi 信
Shuangfeng 信

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • → Vietnamese: hòm

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

函

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

  1. a box-shaped receptacle, e.g. a coin bank or letter box (e.g. 銭函, 投函する)
  2. to insert [into a container] (cf. 入れる, 容れる)
  3. a suit of armor (more commonly 鎧)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Kanji in this term
函
はこ
Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 函 – see the following entry.
【箱はこ】3
[noun] [from 720] a box: a container with a lid
[noun] [from 1120] (archaic) a chamber pot for feces; (by extension) feces
[noun] [from 1771] (archaic) a shamisen case; (by extension) a shamisen; (by extension) a man or other geisha who accompanies a geisha and carries their shamisen case
[noun] (slang) small ライブハウス (raibu hausu, “music venue”)
[noun] (Internet slang) Xbox
Alternative spellings
筥, 匣, 筐, 篋
(This term, 函, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 函 (MC hom|heam).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅘᅡᆷ (Yale: hhàm)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 함〯 (Yale: hǎm) 함 (Yale: hàm)

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ha̠(ː)m]
  • Phonetic hangul: [함(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

函 (eumhun 함 함 (ham ham))

  1. Hanja form? of 함 (“box”). [noun]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

函: Hán Nôm readings: hòm, hàm

References[edit]

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