苦寒

Chinese

		bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful	cold; poor; to tremble
trad. (苦寒)		苦	寒
simp. #(苦寒)		苦	寒

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): kǔhán

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄏㄢˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ku³ han²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kǔhán
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄏㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kǔhán
    • Wade–Giles: kʻu³-han²
    • Yale: kǔ-hán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuuharn
    • Palladius: кухань (kuxanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: ku³ han²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kuxan
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu⁵³ xan²¹/

Adjective

苦寒

1. bitter cold
2. impoverished; poverty-stricken

Synonyms

• 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
• 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
• 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
• 困窮／困穷 (kùnqióng)
• 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
• 困難／困难
• 困頓／困顿 (kùndùn)
• 宋凶 (Hokkien)
• 散 (Hokkien)
• 散凶 (Hokkien)
• 散赤 (Hokkien)
• 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
• 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
• 清貧／清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
• 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
• 磽／硗 (Teochew)
• 䆀康 (Hokkien)
• 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
• 窄
• 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
• 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
• 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
• 窮／穷 (qióng)
• 窮乏／穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
• 窮困／穷困 (qióngkùn)
• 窮㾪／穷㾪 (Hokkien)
• 窮苦／穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
• 窮赤／穷赤 (Hokkien)
• 艱苦／艰苦 (Hokkien)
• 貧乏／贫乏 (pínfá)
• 貧困／贫困 (pínkùn)
• 貧寒／贫寒 (pínhán)
• 貧瘠／贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
• 貧窮／贫穷 (pínqióng)
• 貧苦／贫苦 (pínkǔ)

 

Dialectal synonyms of 貧窮 (“poor; impoverished; poverty-striken”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		貧, 窮
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒
Mandarin	Taiwan	窮, 貧窮
	Yantai (Muping)	窮
	Luoyang	窮
	Wanrong	窮
	Xi'an	窮
	Yinchuan	窮
	Chengdu	苦寒
	Nanjing	窮
	Singapore	窮, 貧窮, 窮苦
Cantonese	Guangzhou	窮
	Hong Kong	窮
	Taishan	窮
Gan	Nanchang	窮
	Pingxiang	窮
Hakka	Meixian	窮
Jin	Taiyuan	窮
Northern Min	Jian'ou	窮無
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	窮
Southern Min	Xiamen	宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
	Quanzhou	宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
	Hui'an	窮赤
	Zhangzhou	宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤
	Tainan	散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦
	Raoping	磽
	Shantou	窮, 磽
	Jieyang	窮, 磽
	Leizhou	窮, 蒯
Wu	Shanghai	窮
	Suzhou	窮
	Danyang	窮
	Hangzhou	窮
	Jinhua	倒灶