User:Xenos melophilos/Khalaj grammar
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
THIS IS A WORK IN PROGRESS
Nouns[edit]
The normal word formation is:
- Stem + derivational suffix + plural + possessive + case
When it comes the suffix -ki, it may be go on:
- Stem + derivational suffix + plural + possessive + case + -ki + plural + possessive + case
Plurals[edit]
The common plural suffix is -lər / -lar. For example:
| Word 1 | Word 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| singular | tâğ (“mountain”) | köz (“eye”) |
| plural | tâğlar (“mountains”) | közlər (“eyes”) |
There's also the suffix -gil, borrowed from Azerbaijani -gil and it allows a family to be mentioned by a single member. Also compare:
| Word 1 | Word 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| singular | bâcım (“my sister”) | bâcısı (“her/his sister”) |
| plural | bâcımgil (“my sister's family”) | bâcıları (“her/his sisters”) |
| Word 1 | Word 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| singular | bacım (“my sister”) | bacısı (“her/his sister”) |
| plural | bacımlar (“my sister's family”) | bacıları (“her/his sisters”) |
Possessives[edit]
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | -üm, -ım | -ü̂ñ, -ııñ | -i ~ -isi, -ı ~ -ısı |
| plural | -ümüz, -ımız | -üñüz, -ıñız | -ləri ~ -lərisi, -ları ~ -larısı |
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | -m | -ñ | -si, -sı |
| plural | -müz, -mız | -ñüz, -ñız | -ləri ~ -lərisi, -ları ~ -larısı |
The 3rd person singular possessive -i ~ -isi may also stand for the plural counterpart.
Cases[edit]
Nominative[edit]
The nominative is a endingless case. It has the following functions:
- Subject: The basis of the nominal and verbal predicate.
- Existential basis: The basis of existential sentences.
- Predicate noun or adjective.
- It's the case of making something.
- Âdam bəndəñ xalq êtdi (“He made Adam, the servant, a people”).
- İsmâîlü kərək qurbânlıq şayığañ (“You must make [kərək şayığañ] Ishmael a sacrifice”).
- Usually replaces the genitive when forming compounds.
- Əlüm barmaqı (“The finger of my hand”).
- Bô söz Hârûn qulâqıña êrdi (“This word reached Harun's ear”).
- Temporal.
- Kêçə kəldi körigə (“He came at night to look”).
- Kêçələr dərvîşlük ləbâsınla tolğan-artı (“He walked around at night [lit. “nights”] in dervish clothes”).
- Direction (similar to dative and locative).
- Vardım Təhrân bənzîn alığam (“I went to Tehran to buy gasoline”).
- Vaqdı hâğası (“He/She looked behind him/herself”).
- "Order" (as in "three glasses of beer", "a flock of sheep").
- Bôrda ü̂ç sâat yôllar (“It's three hours away from here”)
- Buğda ta bî tikə həkmüşək (“We also sowed some wheat”)
- Apposition.
- Parataxis.
- Bô hüzüm u hunduvânalarda todğıça tâ yêpigəm (“I want to eat these grapes and melons until I get full”).
- Közüm yôl u ö̂züm êşükçə qâldım (“My eyes were [lit. “my eye was]” on the way and I myself stayed at the door”).
- Topic.
- Ô bö̂rü, ki həmmîşə bâşı hâğrıyôr, dəvâsı nə̂rsərü? (“That wolf, whose head hurts all the time, what's wrong with it?”).
- Mən, âtım Qulâm Abbâs (“Me, my name is Ghulam Abbas”).
- Indefinite direct object.
- Vocative:
Genitive[edit]
The genitive suffix is -ü̂ñ / -ııñ after consonant (-in / -ın after the suffix -ki) and -ñ after vowels. It's used for making compounds.
It can also be used predicatively:
- Oğul ta ö̂zümü̂ñərü, qıız ta ö̂zümü̂ñ (“Both the boy is mine and the girl is mine”).
- Nısması sənü̂ñ ôlığa, nısması mənüm (“Half of it may be yours, half mine”).
Dative[edit]
The dative suffix is -kə / -qa. The dative denotes the target point of an action. The object is not seen as a whole (as the accusative), but only as a target point.
- The dative expresses an exchange value.
- Vêrdüm əçkü əvəziñə (“I gave the goat in exchange”).
- Satam tö̂rt abbâsıqa (“I sell it for four abbasi”).
- The dative can describe who or what something is intended for.
- Time indication + dative = exactly at the specified desired time (it means a point in time).
- Sabâyı küniñə kəldi ənâr bâğçasıña (“The next day [lit. “in the morning of the day”] he came to the pomegranate orchard”).
- Kəldük şâmqa həvkə (“We came home in the evening”).
- Sometimes, the dative is used when the locative would be expected.
- Qudruqı yapışdı bûzəkkə (“Its tail stuck to the ice”).
- Şəhr xalqı hığluparta meydânqa (“The people of the city should gather in the square”).
- The dative expresses vow and hope.
Accusative[edit]
The accusative suffix is -ü / -ı after consonants and -ñ after vowels (yeah the post-vocalic form of accusative, genitive and 2nd person singular possessive are the same). The accusative refers to the clearly defined “direct” = holistically recorded object. Sometimes the accusative and dative may altenate.
- It can be understood as accusativus relationis.
- Kördi bullar dânışaqııñ nə̂rsərü (“He saw (regarding) their speech what it is”).
- Əgər mə̂nü hişəyôrııñ biləñlə kələm (“If you wish me to come with you”).
- It's used to express time:
Locative[edit]
The locative suffix is -çə / -ça. Its main meaning is "rest in or near a place" or "movement within the place or near it".
- Bî şəhrçə ü̂ç nəfər rəfîq-əmüşlər (“In a city three men were comrades”).
- Ô hərçə ü̂ç oğul vâr-amış (“That man had three sons [lit. “There were three sons with/near that man”]”).
- The locative is rarely used temporally, when it's used thus, it means "within a longer period of time, of which a significant or all part is taken".
- Bî kêçəçə bî qasr va bî bâğ qayıralar (“Within one night they build a castle and a garden”).
- Şâh Ismâîl zamânıça bî vazîrî vâr-irti (“At the time of Shah Ismail there was a vizier”).
- The locative is often used to indicate a goal at which one wants to linger longer, however, it should be noted that locative instead of dative only applies to the verb of movement or moving.
- Bô kişi qôdı sanduqça (“He put this woman in the coffin”).
- Hâydı: “Varım tâğça taqı yatım” (“He said: ‘I go to the mountain and settle down’”).
Ablative[edit]
The ablative suffix is -də / -da or -dən / -dan. Usually this is the case of distancing (“where from”).
- Yârım êşüklərîñdən hü̂nmüş (“My girlfriend walked away from their door”).
- Yirəkümüz kudûrətdə bôşarı (“Our heart is free from sorrow”).
- It is used in the sense of "along, behind, through".
- Əlisîñdə yapışdı (“He/she grabbed him by the hand”).
- Kərək ullar hârtııñda yovarğa (“Must go after them”).
- Bəndümuzü kündə suvqa vêrür (“He gives our dike over to the water every day”).
- Do sâat kêçədə varmış-artı (“Two hours had passed before the night”).
- It has a comparative function.
- It's used as partitive.
- Şâlııñda vêrdü̂ñ (“You gave (a piece) of your scarf”).
- Bô ü̂ç nəfərdə bîsi (“One of these three people”).
- Bî dâna bô şinələrdə tökdi câm içiñə (“He/She poured one of these pebbles into the glass”).
- It's used as a predicate in the sense of "belonging to".
- Bô sənü̂ñ bâzûbəndlərü̂ñdərü (“This is from your bracelets”).
- Pələng cınsııñdarsam (“I belong to the panther family”).
- It expresses the means from which something is completed.
- Bô ayıd səlâtînlərümuzdə qâlmış (“This festival has been preserved by our sultans”).
- Suvda tôq ôldı (“It became full of water”).
- It expresses the reason or cause.
- Kullı zâd nâzuklıqda qırılar, âdəmîzâd yoğunlıqda (“Everything breaks because of thinness, people because of arrogance”).
- Həm âçlıqda həm tə âşıqlıqda yıqınar (“He collapses from both hunger and infatuation”).
Instrumental[edit]
The instrumental suffix is -lə / -la or -lən / -lan (though sometimes it may alternate with ablative). It has the following functions:
- Means and tools with which an activity is carried out.
- Ö̂z közümlə kördüm (“I saw it with my own eyes”).
- Qırqı ta mən şəmşîrlə vurdım (“But I slew the forty with the sword”).
- To be equipped with something.
- Dərvîşlük ləbâsıñla yôrır-artı (“He walked around in dervish clothes”).
- Qasrî vâr-irü qırq êşüklə (“She has a castle with forty doors”).
- Comitative sense.
- Şâh vəzîrləriñlə şikârqa varır (“The shah goes hunting with his viziers”).
- Şâh Abbâs əgər bî bâlıq məñə vêrsə bî hatla bilə, xəyli havul-artı (“If shah Abbas gave me a village and also with a horse, it would be very nice”).
- Conjunctive, mostly with -u.
- Bî kişilə bî hərimiş (“There were a woman and a man”).
- Qıızlayu kidəyi (“The bride and the bridegroom”).
- Adverbial.
- When speaking to oneself.
Equative[edit]
5 suffixes and one preposition stand for the equative, being the most common -vâra. The other forms are -cûrıña, çûn, -raqamıña, -təki and -turıña. It's used to express comparison and similarity.
- Səninki tə məninkivâra ôlır (“Yours becomes like mine”).
- Bô kişi qəşəng, hâyvârarı (“This woman is beautiful, is like the moon”).
- For quantity, the suffix is -qadar.
- Əgər dâyımızarı, kərək bizdiqadar qazâ yêpigə (“If he is our uncle, he must eat (the food) as much as we do”).
- Bô həv bidükərü, tâğqadararı (“This house is big, is like a mountain”).
Possessives joined to cases[edit]
Article[edit]
Though there's not a definite article, there's a indefinite. Usually it's used with singular nouns, though when it comes the plural, the indefinite article changes it's meaning to "some", "a few".
The indefinite article has 3 forms: bî, -î, and bî … -î. Commonly, forms 1 and 3 may alternate. Before some finite forms of the auxiliary verb ərmək (“to be”), the suffix -î shortens: … -î + ərti = irti.
Usually:
- Before words with possessive or case suffixes, form 1 is used
- Nə xabarî vâr? (“What news is there?”).
- Nə cûrda şəhriri! (“What a city it is!”).
- Nəççə künî həvdə hü̂nmə (“Don't leave the house for a few days”).
- After an adjective, form 1 is used.
It's not obligatory to use the indefinite article, though it's rare.
- Bô oğul vardı bâlıqça nəvkər alığa (“This boy went to the village to buy a servant”).
- Yôlqa tüşdılər êyzə şəhr tərəfiñə (“They set off to another city”).
However, is obligatory not to use the indefinite article with predicate.
Adpositions[edit]
Turkic postpositions, unlike other languages, are used as if they were nouns (possessives and cases). Some postpositions are:
- bilə (“with”)
- sârı (“because of”) (+ ablative)
- Qâlı istiçə yılâr (“Sit on the carpet”).
- Qâyıqlar suv yü̂ziçə kəzəyullar (“The boats are floating on the water”).
- orta (“amid”)
- iç (“in, within, inside”).
- hâra (“between, among”)
- hâğa (“behind, after”)
- taş (“outside”).
- artuq (“furthermore, moreover”) (+ ablative)
- bərə (“this side of, since”) (+ ablative)
- ərə (“on the other side of, since”) (+ ablative)
- Bildürdə ərə (“Since last year”)
- Ô tâğda ərə bî bâlıq vâr (“Beyond that mountain there is a village”)
- yân (“beside, next to”).
- öñ (“in front of, before”)
- hârt (“behind, after”)
- Ôn kündə sôñ (“After ten days”).
- Nəççə kündə sö̂ñrə (“After a few days”).
- Mûnda sö̂ñrə (“After this”).
- savâ (“except, without, apart from”) (+ablative)
iç and hâra are often used in roughly the same sense.
- Oyınlarî ki xalaclar içiçə rəsmərü (“(Some) games that are tradition among the Khalaj”).
- Bî top hatalar hâraqa (“They throw a ball under (them)”).
Persian influence[edit]
There are also adpositions of Persian origin, for example:
- From برای (barâye):
- Nə̂ bərâyı, nə̂rsə bərâyı, nə̂rsə bərâyıña (“Why”) (the last is from **nə̂rsə bərây + 3 person singular possessive + dative).
- Məndibərâyı (“Because of me”), kimdibərâyı (“Because of whom”).
- From بی (bi):
- Bə̂d əz yigirmi tö̂rt sâat (“After 24 hours”).
- Bə̂d əz sâatı dəvâzdə (“After 12 o'clock”).
- Bə̂d əz sî, çâr sâat (“After three, four hours”).
- Bə̂d əz ü̂ç kêçədə sö̂ñrə (“After three nights”).
- Bə̂d əz əkki kündə sôñ (“After two days”).
- Bə̂d əz nəççə künî sôñ (“After a few days”).
- Bə̂d əz mən (“After my death [lit. “After me”]”).
- Pəs əz hölməkdə sö̂ñrə (“After dying”).
- From به (be):
- Bî bə bî (“One after another”).
- Şəhr bə şəhr, bâlıq bə bâlıq kəlülər (“They come to town after town, village after village”).
The adposition tərəf, unlike othe Turkic languages, doesn't need possessive suffixes, but a word in dative case which must be before tərəf.
- Yôlqa tüşdilər şâh Abbâsü̂ñ qasrıña tərəf (“They set off towards shah Abbas' castle”).
- Məñə tərəf vaqmış (“She looked at me”).
- Yôlqa tüşdilər biyâbânqa tərəf (“They set off an open field”).
- Ö̂z şəhrləriñə tərəf yôlqa tüşələr (“They set off towards their own city”).
- Dədəmə tərəf (“To my father”).
However, tərəf rarely can be inflected.
Furthermore, it receives possessive suffixes (or genitive) when it is used as an agent of a passive sentence.
- Kullı bâlıq xalqıña yêgülük və içgülük küdən êydisi tərəfîñdə verülüpərgə (“All the village people should be given food and drink by the bride's master [lit. “from (the direction of) the wedding's master”]”).
Another Persian adposition is tâ, which can be used as pre-, circum- ,and postposition.
- Place:
- Kəldi həvkə tâ (“He came to the house”).
- Bizdilə kəldilər tâ Qumqa tâ (“They came with us as far as Qom”).
- Êrər tâ bî şəhrkə (“He gets to a city”).
- Kəlür tâ êşükləriñə (“He comes to their door”).
- Time:
- Têmikə tâ (“Until now”).
- Əkki künkə tâ (“Up to two days”).
- Ü̂ç künkə tâ (“Up to three days”).
- Bêş, alta künkə tâ (“Up to fife, six days”).
- (Tâ) çâstqa tâ (“Until lunchtime”).
- Tâ sîzdəkə tâ (“Up to thirteen”).
- Tâ qiyâmət künçə (“Until the day of resurrection”).
- Tâ həşti kêçəkə (“Until eight at night”).
- Tâ âxırı şâmqa (“Until the end of the evening”).
tâ can also be used as a conjunction.
- Tâ bâbâ nənə xabar ôlğıça tâ, oğul hölər (“Until father and mother become aware of it, the son dies”).
- Tâ ôra êrgüçə tâ (“To get there”).
Izâfa[edit]
In Khalaj, the Izâfa links two words together (both Persian and native words). The suffix -i/-ı stands for it.
- Əmri muşkil (“Difficult matter”).
- Zəmânı qadîmçə (“In the old days [lit. “time”]”).
- Məqâmı bəxusûsî (“Special rank”).
- Sâatı dəvâzdə (“Twelve o'clock”).
- Râhı nəcâtî (“A way of rescue”).
- Bî bâlıqı diyərkə êrər (“He gets to another village”).
- Bî bâlıqı diyərçə varılar (“They go to another village”).
- Təmâmı yillər (“Every year”).
- Bâlıqı diyər / êyzə (“Another village”).
It's used also for Persian prepositions
Adverbs[edit]
The distinction between the adverb, substantives, adpositions and adjectives is extremely complicated. Adverbs have the following characteristics:
- Adverbs often coincide with adpositions.
- Hâğa almaq (“To retrieve, get back”).
- Öñ tutmaq (“To prevent, ward off”).
- Öñkə varmaq (“To come towards (the face of something or somebody)”).
- Adverbs often coincide with adjectives. Some adjectives are also used as adverbs.
- Yeyin varmaq (“To go, walk quickly; to hurry; to exaggerate”).
- Ziring varmaq (“To go, walk quickly”).
Adverbs also have some special morphological markings, namely:
- -ləşü / -ləşüyə, -ləyü / -ləyüyə, -laşu / -laşuya, and -layu / -layuya, found in the adverbs bərə, ênə, ərə, hâğa, içgər, ilgər, taşğar and yuqqar (there is also yıllaşu (“yearly”) and ênətər (“more downwards”).
- Nominal suffixes, found in the locative adverbs bôra, ôra, and nêrə.
| bôra | ôra | nêrə | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | bôra | ôra | nêrə |
| genitive | bôrañ | ôrañ | nêrəñ |
| dative | bôra, bôraqa | ôra, ôraqa | nêrə, nêrəkə |
| accusative | bôrañ | ôrañ | nêrəñ |
| locative | bôda, bôrça | ôda, ôrça | nêdə, nêrçə |
| ablative | bôrda | ôrda | nêrdə |
- The Proto-Turkic instrumental case suffix *-n, that appears in ô çâ (“then, at that time”), sabâyla (“in the morning”), yavâşla (“slowly”).
- The ablative suffix -də / -da, used for example in:
- kündə (“every day”), kêçədə (“every night”), yildə (“every year”).
- tôğrıda (“actually, really”).
- bîrdə (“suddenly”).
- obaşda, səhərdə, têzdə, têzîñdə (“early in the morning”).
- dubârda (“again, once again”).
- ınağda (“in that way”), mınağda (“in this way”), nətəydə (“how”).
Pronouns[edit]
Personal and demonstrative pronouns[edit]
| 1st singular | 2nd singular | 3rd singular (and that, this) | 1st plural | 2nd plural | 3rd plural (and those, these) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | mən | sən | ô, bô | biz | siz | ullar, bullar |
| genitive | mənüm | sənü̂ñ | unııñ, munııñ | bizüm | sizüm | ullarııñ, bullarııñ |
| dative | məñə | səñə | uña, muña | bizkə | sizkə | ullarqa, bullarqa |
| accusative | mə̂nü | sə̂nü | ûnı, mûnı | bizü | sizü | ulları, bulları |
| locative | mə̂ndiçə | sə̂ndiçə | ûndıça, mûndıça | bizdiçə | sizdiçə | ullarça, bullarça |
| ablative | mə̂ndə | sə̂ndə | ûnda, mûnda | bizdə | sizdə | ullarda, bullarda |
| instrumental | mə̂ndilə | sə̂ndilə | ûndıla, mûndıla | bizdilə | sizdilə | ullarla, bullarla |
| equative | mə̂ndivâra | sə̂ndivâra | ûndıvâra, mûndıvâra | bizdivâra | sizdivâra | ullarvâra, bullarvâra |
- Besides biz, siz, there are also bizlər, sizlər
- Genitive forms end in -in / -ın after the suffix -ki.
- The infix -di- / -dı- can appear in the form -də- / -da- after the equative.
- The infix -di- / -dı- (or -də- / -da-) can also appear in the 3rd person plural by analogy with the 3rd person singular (thus this infix is optional regarding to the 3rd person plural).
- The nasal Anlaut of the inflected forms of bô coexists with the plosive Anlaut (analogy with the nominative form).
Besides the former pronouns, there's also bilə, which it's used like the above (though the difference between simple pronouns and bilə is too subtle to deduce). Its inflection is based on possessive suffixes
| 1st singular | 2nd singular | 3rd singular | 1st plural | 2nd plural | 3rd plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | biləm | biləñ | biləsi | biləmüz | biləñüz | bilələri ~ bilələrisi |
| genitive | biləmü̂ñ | biləñü̂ñ | biləsinü̂ñ | biləmüzü̂ñ | biləñüzü̂ñ | bilələrinü̂ñ ~ bilələrisinü̂ñ |
| dative | biləmə | biləñə | biləsiñə | biləmüzkə | biləñüzkə | bilələriñə ~ bilələrisiñə |
| accusative | biləmü | biləñü | biləsîñ | biləmüzü | biləñüzü | bilələrîñ ~ bilələrisîñ |
| locative | biləmçə | biləñçə | biləsiçə | biləmüzçə | biləñüzçə | bilələriçə ~ bilələrisiçə |
| ablative | biləmdə | biləñdə | biləsîñdə | biləmüzdə | biləñüzdə | bilələrîñdə ~ bilələrisîñdə |
| instrumental | biləmlə | biləñlə | biləsiñlə | biləmüzlə | biləñüzlə | bilələriñlə ~ bilələrisiñlə |
| equative | biləmvâra | biləñvâra | biləsivâra | biləmüzvâra | biləñüzvâra | bilələrivâra ~ bilələrisivâra |
Interrogative pronouns[edit]
Derived from Proto-Turkic *ka-[edit]
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | kêm / kîm | kimlər |
| oblique (all the other cases) | kim / küm |
Commmonly, it appears as küm in hêç küm (“nobody”), hər küm (“everybody”) and before a suffix that starts with a vowel. Normally it appears as kim elsewhere and in kimsə (“somebody”).
- Interrogatives where and which coincide: qânı, qânısı.
- Besides the former, qâ also means where. Other interrogative locative adverbs are: qâ yân (“which place”) (qâ yânqa (“where to”)) and qâla (qâlaça (“where to”)).
- qâçân stands for when.
Derived from Proto-Turkic *nē-[edit]
- The interrogative pronoun nə appears specially in derived terms, but it survives alone in sentences like:
- Nə havul(arı) (“How good (is it)”).
- Bô yezi nə kö̂kərü (“How green is this plain”).
- Hər nə vâr (“Whatever is there”).
- Hêç nə yôqım (“I have nothing”).
- Hêç nəmüz yôq (“We have nothing”).
- Hər nə̂rü hâyı (“Say whatever it is”).
- Nə rəqəm (“As provided”).
- Some derived terms from nə:
- nə̂, nîl (“why”).
- nəy, nəysə (“what, why”), nəysədə sârı (“why”).
- nêrə (“where”).
- nəççə (“how many”), nəççəminci (“what number, how manyth”), (nəççə + indefinite article = a few, some).
- nə̂rsə (“what”) (the common word for this meaning), nə̂rsəkə (“why”), nə̂rsəy (“what”) (conflation of nə̂rsə and nəy).
- nətəy (“why”), nətəydə (“in what way”).
- nâşmaq (“to do what”).
Other pronouns[edit]
- Reciprocal pronoun: bîrbîr (declinable).
- Reflexive pronoun: ö̂z (declinable).
- Indefinite personal pronoun: Though it doesn't exist, the 3rd person plural may be translated to "one" when it comes to verbs:
- (Context: God created the ancestor of the Khalaj) Bə̂d kördilər yoğun xâr (“Then one saw that he was fat and well-built”).
- Qolııñ körməz-ərtilər (“You couldn't see her arm”).
- (Context: A lure puts a whole grape, not a berry, into the fruit seller's mouth at once) Hüzümü bô rəqəmdə yêməzlər (“You don't eat a grape this way”).
Adjectives[edit]
As in all Turkic languages, the adjective is distinguished from the noun by the fact that it is not inflected, so in contrast to the verb there is not even plural congruence.
Comparison[edit]
Comparative[edit]
The comparative has the Persian suffix -tər / -tar. This suffix is equivalent to Proto-Turkic *yẹg (“better”) (whence Khalaj *yê [compare plural yêlər]) and *artuq (“more”) (whence Khalaj artuq), and they even have the Persian suffix: yêtər, artuqtar.
The comparative appears with the ablative -də / -da as comparison case.
Some examples:
- Bô həv ô hağaçda ucatararı (“This house is higher than that tree”).
- Bô həv bô dirəxtdə bidüktərərü (“This house is bigger than this tree”).
- Qarrıtar ôlılar (“They get older”).
- Mən ilgərtərdə yetdüm sə̂nü (“I led you there in advance [lit.“more forward”]”) (here ilgər is treated as a noun adjective).
It also means “as … as possible”.
Superlative[edit]
The superlative, unlike comparative, is more diverse and confusing. Often the izâfa is used.
There are four main forms to express the superlative, all of them influenced by Persian:
- Bô həv təmâmı bâlıq həvlərîñdə ucatararı (“This house is higher than all houses of the village”).
- Bô həv kullı həvlərdə bidüktərərü (“This house is bigger than all houses”).
- Kullîñdə qoləytər (“The nearest (of all)”).
- Kullîñdə keləmətər qıız (“The smallest girl (of all)”).
- Comparative.
- Bô həv bô bâlıqııñ bidüktərirü (“This house is the biggest [lit. “bigger”] house of this village”).
- Bêş, alta bâlıqlarııñ hürün bidüktərîñdə saqqalîñdə, qıığralar (“Five, six from the greatest white bearded ones of the villages, invite (you)”).
- Comparison suffix missing.
Numerals[edit]
They show a strong influence of Persian, so that Persian numerals will gradually replace the Turkic ones.
Cardinal numerals[edit]
The tens numbers from 60 onwards offer a wide variety of forms. The lower tens numbers go back to the following patterns:
| 10 | ôn | ||||
| 1 | bî | 11 | ôn bî | ||
| 2 | əkki | 12 | ôn əkki | 20 | yigirmi |
| 3 | ü̂ç | 13 | ôn ü̂ç | 30 | hottuz |
| 4 | tö̂rt | 14 | ôn tö̂rt | 40 | qırq |
| 5 | bêş | 15 | ôn bêş | 50 | əllig |
| 6 | alta | 16 | ôn alta | ||
| 7 | yêtti | 17 | ôn yêtti | ||
| 8 | səkkiz | 18 | ôn səkkiz | ||
| 9 | toqquz | 19 | ôn toqquz |
From 60 onwards there are 5 forms of patterns: native Turkic, borrowed Persian, based on 30, based on 40 and based on 50.
| 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 1000 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turkic | altmış | yêtmiş | səksən | toqsan | yü̂z | ming |
| Persian | şəst | həftâd | həştâd | nəvəd | səd | |
| based on 30 | əkki hottuz | əkki hottuz u ôn | əkki hottuz u yigirmi | ü̂ç hottuz | ü̂ç hottuz u ôn | |
| based on 40 | əkki qırq | |||||
| based on 50 | əllig u ôn | əllig yigirmi | əllig hottuz | əllig qırq |
| 80 | 110 | 120 | 180 | 240 | 327 | 10000 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turkic | ü̂ç yü̂z yigirmi yêtti | ôn ming | |||||
| based on 30 | ü̂ç hottuz u yigirmi | tö̂rt hottuz | səkkiz hottuz | ||||
| based on 40 | əkki qırq u tö̂rt | yü̂z u əkki qırq |
If the numeral is provided with a possessive suffix, it either functions as an ordinal or means "the (number), all (number)", and is therefore a collective number word (the numeral can also be plural).
- Ü̂çlər (“The three”).
- Biz əkkimüz tə məlâikarsaq (“But both of us are angels”).
- Əkkisi tə vardılar (“They both went”).
- Mənüm yêtti oğlım vâr, yêttisi tə dêvəllər (“I have seven sons, but all seven are demons”).
- Bullar qırq nəfər-ərtilər, qırqııñ ta mən şəmşîrlə vurdım (“There were 40 of them, and I killed all 40 of them”).
- Əkkiləri tə âç-artılar (“But both of them were hungry”)
As can be seen, tə / ta follows the inflected numeral.
Persian influence[edit]
Another characteristic of the Khalaj is that in certain cases (especially when specifying money and time) Persian numerals are often (but not always) used.
- Time:
- Bə̂d əz sî, çâr sâat (“After three, four hours”).
- Bə̂d əz sâatı dəvâzdə (“After 12 o'clock”).
- Yək sâat, do sâat (“One hour, two hours”).
- Sâatı dəvâzdə (“At 12 o'clock”).
- Tâ dəvâzdəi şəbkə tâ biyâbânçartıq (“We were outside until 12 o'clock at night”).
- Bə̂d əz dəvâzdəi şəb (“After 12 o'clock at night”).
- Kəldüm əlbəttə dəvâzdə sâatça Təhrânqa (“Of course I got to Tehran in 12 hours”)
- Bîst u çâr sâatça Qumça qâlmış-artım (“I stayed in Qum for 24 hours”).
- Bə̂d sâatı şeşi sahar (“Until six o'clock a.m.”).
- Bîst çâr sâat (“4 hours”).
- Sâatı pənci nîmi sahar (“Half past five in the morning”).
- Tâ həşti kêçəkə yerdə yôrıtıq (“We wandered around there until 8 o'clock in the evening”).
- Money:
- Mə̂ndiçə həştâd u çâr tumən pûl vâr (“I have 84 toman [lit. “To me there are 84 toman money”]”).
- Səd həzâr tumən (“One hundred thousand toman”).
- Other:
- Səd dərsəd qânım uçrayır (“One hundred percent of my blood will jump”).
- Yâşım çihil u həşt sâlə (“I am 48 years old [lit. “My age is 48 years”]”) (Usually age is expressed with Turkic numerals, though).
- Yâşım ta sî u pənc sâlımarı (“I am 38 years old [lit. “My age is 38 years”]”).
Numerals often are found with the Persian general classifier dân / dâna. Unlike Persian, dân / dâna are used even with numbers greater than one.
- Bî dân (“One piece”).
- Yigirmi, hottuz dân əşgə (“Twenty, thirty donkeys”)
- Ü̂ç dâna dərvîş (“Three dervishes”).
- Əkki dâna şikâr (“Two gazelles”)
Ordinal numerals[edit]
There are a wealth of expressions in the Chaladz dialects to represent ordinals. There is a suffix (-minci / -mıncı) that is also known in the Oghuz dialects (compare Turkmen -minji), and that is precisely why Khalaj may have borrowed it. There's also the word ü̂çümyil (“last year”, literally “third year”) which preserved the old Proto-Turkic suffix *-m found also in Bulgar ـم.
The Khalaj dialects in general have 12 types for the ordinals, of which only 4, namely for the numbers 1, 2, 5, 12, may be particularly common (but this area has long since been exhausted).
- Persian ordinal numerals.
- əvvəl (“first”), dovvum / doyyum (“second”), sivum / səvvum / səyyum (“third”), pəncum (“fifth”), həftum (“seventh”).
- Həftumi kün, künü̂ñ yêttisirti (“It was the seventh day, the seventh day”).
- Persian ordinal numerals suffixed by -ki,
- əvvəlki (“first”), dovvumki / doyyumki (“second”), sivumki (“third”), çârumki (“fourth”); also dubâraki (“second”, literally “again-th”).
- Persian suffix -umî.
- əkkimin / əkkiminki (“second”), ü̂çuminki (“third”), tö̂rtuminki (“fourth”), bêşuminki (“fifth”).
- Iranian suffix -(ə)m.
- əkkindisi (“second”), ü̂çindisi (“third”), tö̂rtindisi (“fourth”), bêşindisi (“fifth”), altaındısı (“sixth”).
- ü̂çinci (“third”).
- -ki.
- Compound
- bêşi (“fifth”), altası (“sixth”), yêttisi (“seventh”).
- Künü̂ñ ü̂çi (“The third day”).
- Künü̂ñ ü̂çi ôldı ki Hâcər höldi (“It was on the third day that Hagar died”).
- Ô künü̂ñ ü̂çi holındı (“On that third day he returned”).
- Künü̂ñ bêşi hü̂nəkəldüm mâşînkə (“On the fifth day I came down to the car”).
Distributive and others[edit]
“Each” is expressed through repetition.
“-fold” is expressed by the ablative of yân (“side”).
“How many” and “how much” are expressed by nəççə.
Verbs[edit]
Voice[edit]
Voices Voice Ending Notes Reflexive -(ü)n / -(ı)n -nül / -nıl, -nün / -nın or -lün / -lın after a CVː stem whose aorist ends in -yUr Reciprocal -(ü)ş / -(ı)ş Causative -t after polysyllabic stems ending in a vowel or (Oghuz influence) -r -tür / -tır in other cases -ür / -ır, -üt / -ıt, -zür / -zır, -gür / -ğır, -gər / -ğar, -dər / -dar exceptional forms Passive -(ü)l / -(ı)l after stems ending in a consonant other than -l and after -nV; otherwise (after vowel and -l) same as reflexive. -nül / -nıl, -nün / -nın or -lün / -lın after a CVː stem whose aorist ends in -yUr
Sometimes the passive voice occurs instead of the reflexive.
Reciprocal means:
- “To do something to each other”.
- “To do something together”.
- To deal with an object in a reserved manner, so that it is perceived as separate from oneself and in opposition to one another.
Examples[edit]
Passive (“to be verbed, to verb [intransitive]”)[edit]
- After a consonant other than -l:
- basılmaq (“to be pressed”).
- biçülmək (“to be reaped”).
- çandılmaq (“to be rolled up”).
- çəvrülmək (“to be twisted”).
- əyülmək (“to be bent, to bend”).
- əzülmək (“to be ground”).
- qayrılmaq (“to be made”).
- haçılmaq (“to be opened, to open, sprout, blossom”).
- hasılmaq (“to be hung”).
- hatılmaq (“to be thrown”).
- hirülmək / hirinmək (“to be braided”).
- hığılmaq (“to congregate, gather”).
- hüzülmək (“to be torn, to break down”).
- hurılmaq (“to be broken, torn”).
- körülmək (“to be seen, to appear”).
- kəsülmək (“to be cut”).
- kîvrülmək (“to be inserted”).
- qavrılmaq (“to be gathered, picked (up)”).
- qazılmaq (“to be dug, to tear off, separate”).
- qırılmaq (“to be broken, to break (down)”).
- qurrılmaq (“to (be[come]) dry”).
- saçılmaq (“to be destroyed, decompose'”).
- satılmaq (“to be sold”).
- sâyılmaq (“to be combed (of cotton)”).
- sıqılmaq (“to'be pressed, squeezed”).
- sırılmaq (“to be wove”).
- sü̂zülmək (“to be sieved, filtered”).
- tâqılmaq (“to scatter, spread, burst”).
- tiyülmək (“to be crushed, smashed”).
- tizülmək (“to be strung”)
- toğılmaq (“to be born”).
- tökülmək (“to be poured out, to gush”).
- tuomılmaq (“to be knocked down to the ground or into water”).
- tutılmaq (“to be grabbed”).
- vêrülmək (“to be given”).
- yâncılmaq (“to be have a pressure point, be pressed in (a place on the body under the influence of a solid body)”).
- yimülmək (“to be closed (eyes, fist)”).
- yirtürülmək (“to be spun, twisted”).
- yıqılmaq (“to break down, fall down, collapse”).
- After a vowel:
- allanmaq (“to be deceived”).
- bağışlanmaq (“to be forgiven”).
- çîdələnmək (“to be laid, assigned (the table, meal)”).
- pərtlənmək (“to be thrown”).
- sîvanmaq (“to be rubbed in, to rub”).
- sıınmaq (“to be broken, to break (down)”).
- sunnətlənnmək (“to be circumcised”).
- tikənmək (“to be finished, completed, to come to an end”).
- torğanmaq (“to be dismembered”).
- yâralanmaq (“to be wounded”).
- After -l:
- alınmaq (“to be taken, bought”).
- bilünmək (“to be known”).
- bitrünmək (“to be completed, realized, to come to an end”).
- bulınmaq (“to be found, situated”).
- salınmaq (“to be freed, rescued”).
- təpünmək (“to be pierced”).
- yılınmaq (“to be shaved”).
- After -nV:
- sânalmaq (“to be counted”).
- After -CVː:
Reflexive (“to verb oneself”)[edit]
- After a consonant:
- âvınmaq (“to stop crying”).
- bəkünmək (“to veil oneself”).
- boğınmaq (“to suffocate”).
- çandınmaq (“to turn around, squirm, curl up, wrap”).
- çaqınmaq (“to get ready to beat someone with a stick”).
- çəvrünmək (“to 'hange, topple (over)”).
- çîzünmək (“to scratch”).
- çıprınmaq (“to be beaten”).
- ərünmək (“to melt”).
- hadrınmaq (“to separate”).
- körünmək (“to appear”).
- pü̂öçünmək (“to squirm, writhe”).
- qâğrınmaq (“to bake, roast, pan-fry, grill, broil”).
- qavrınmaq (“to congregate”).
- səvünmək (“to be glad, happy, pleased”).
- soğlınmaq (“to fit in, go in (of something)”).
- tavlınmaq (“to hang”).
- təyşünmək (“to change, transform, be replaced”).
- təyünmək (“to come into conflict with each other, cross each other”).
- tökünmək (“to gush”).
- yıqınmaq (“to to fall down, collapse”).
- After a vowel:
- bəzənmək (“to adorn oneself”).
- bôşanmaq (“to empty”).
- gillânmaq (“to crumble away, writhe”).
- həvlənmək (“to get married (of a man)”).
- haçınmaq (“to open”).
- holınmaq (“to return, turn around”).
- irgənmək (“to learn”).
- kü̂öşünmək (“to hide, conceal”).
- məcənmək (“to decorate oneself with clothes”).
- pırlanmaq (“to fly, jump up”).
- qabzanmaq (“to get up”).
- qaşınmaq (“to scratch”).
- qolaylanmaq (“to approach”).
- qurlanmaq (“to roar (of a lion)”).
- tâvlanmaq (“to spin, rotate, turn (around)”).
- tikənmək (“to finished, to come to an end”)}.
- tîrənmək (“to rest, lean”).
- tirgənmək (“to revive, come to oneself”).
- tirriglənmək (“to revive, come to oneself”).
- toqınmaq (“to come into conflict with each other, cross each other”).
- uzânmaq (“to elongate, scretch out, lie down to rest”).
- yerlənmək (“to fit in, find space”).
- yəngilənmək (“to be renewed”).
- yirgənmək (“to feel uncomfortable because of a senseless and absurd incident, be disgusted by it, be nauseous”).
- yıdlanmaq (“to smell”).
Reciprocal[edit]
- After a consonant:
- bulışmaq (“to find each other, meet”).
- çalışmaq (“to accidentaly touch something that then falls and breaks, to come into view and immediately disappea'”).
- çandışmaq (“to roll up”).
- epüşmək (“to kiss each other”).
- hadrışmaq (“to separate from each other”).
- hatışmaq (“to criticise baselessly, find fault, speak maliciously about someone, complain about someone rudely and capriciously”).
- qapışmaq (“to get into a fight, wrestle”).
- vurışmaq (“to fight”).
- yapışmaq (“to unite, connect, glue, stick”).
- After a vowel:
- çənələşmək (“to chat (with each other / together)”).
- əlləşmək (“to feel up, cop a feel (each other)”).
- hîecəşmək (“to fight with each other as a joke”).
- môluqlaşmaq (“to eat something that one doesn't like”).
- pıççıllaşmaq (“to mumble, whisper (each other / together)”).
- qolaylaşmaq (“to approach each other”).
- sâzışmaq (“to come to terms, reach an agreement”).
- tolğaşmaq (“to unexpectedly wrap oneself around something”).
Causative[edit]
- After a consonant:
- bastırmaq (“to make press”).
- biltürmək (“to make known”).
- bəküştürmək (“to argue, fight, quarrel”).
- çəküştürmək (“to argue, fight, quarrel”).
- çıpırtırmaq (“to make beat”).
- elüştürmək (“to kindle a fire”).
- hayğântırmaq (“to (cause to) rotate”).
- hâzaltırmaq (“to reduce, lessen”).
- həktürmək (“to make sow”).
- hirgəntürmək (“to bleach, make white”).
- huvıştırmaq (“to rub in”).
- huvtırmaq (“to make rub in”).
- içtürmək (“to make drink”).
- işüttürmək (“to make hear”).
- ışârtırmaq (“to light, illuminate”).
- ıştırmaq (“to brighten, illuminate”).
- kədtürmək (“to make dress”).
- kəztürmək (“to lead (around)”).
- kîvürtürmək (“to make insert”).
- kö̂kərtürmək (“to cultivate, grow”).
- kültürmək (“to make laugh”).
- qarıştırmaq (“to add, mix together, spread”).
- qaşıntırmaq (“to scratch”).
- qôtırmaq (“to make put”).
- sâğaltırmaq (“to heal, restore”).
- sâğtırmaq (“to make milk”).
- sıdrantırmaq (“to make stumble, slide”).
- sıqtırmaq (“to make press, squeeze”).
- sîtürmək (“to make break”).
- soğıştırmaq (“to accomodate, make find a place”).
- sôrtırmaq (“to suckle”).
- sü̂zültürmək (“to make filter, sieve”).
- sü̂ztürmək (“to make filter, sieve”).
- tâttırmaq (“to make taste”).
- təyüştürmək (“to make replace”).
- tiktürmək (“to make sew”).
- tirgəntürmək (“to liven up, reawaken”).
- tiytürmək (“to make beat”).
- tolğantırmaq (“to lead around”).
- toqıttırmaq (“to rap, knock, strike”).
- uçırtırmaq (“to make fly”).
- vurıştırmaq (“to measure the forces (against each other)”).
- yapıştırmaq (“to glue”).
- yaztırmaq (“to make write”).
- yêtürmək (“to feed”).
- yirtürmək (“to spin, wind”).
- yığıştırmaq / hığıştırmaq (“to gather”).
- yıdıttırmaq (“to make stink, rot”).
- yûtırmaq (“to make wash”).
- yûttırmaq (“to make swallow, devour”).
- After a vowel ending polysyllabic stem:
- allatmaq (“to deceive”).
- anglatmaq (“to explain, make comprehensible”).
- arıtmaq (“to clean”).
- bidütmək (“to enlarge, increase, raise (a child), rear (an animal), nurture”).
- çatlatmaq (“to split, blow up”).
- çikillətmək (“to instill, make drop / drip”).
- çirrütmək (“to make rot”).
- ərütmək (“to make melt”).
- qımıllatmaq (“to push, swing, set in motion”).
- hâçıtmaq (“to torment, worry, make cry”).
- hâğrıtmaq (“to inflict pain”).
- hö̂lütmaq (“to moisten”).
- hığlatmaq (“to make cry”).
- incitmaq (“to wound, hurt, insult, sadden”).
- ışârtmaq (“to light, illuminate”) (Oghuz influence).
- ışıllatmaq (“to make shine”).
- kırrıtmaq (“to to make someone discontented, to depress”).
- körsətmaq (“to show”).
- kü̂öşütmək (“to hide, conceal”).
- mânıtmaq (“to compare, change something so that it more closely resembles something or someone else”).
- otlatmaq (“to graze”).
- ôynatmaq (“to make dance”).
- pûsıtmaq (“to make rot”).
- qattıtmaq (“to give strength, make coagulate / congeal”).
- qaynatmaq (“to cook”).
- qızzıtmaq (“to melt”).
- qurrıtmaq (“to dry (out)”).
- rəncitmək (“to hurt, offend, torture”)
- sânatmaq (“to make count”).
- tappırlatmaq (“to mildly impact and then make a slight noise”).
- taqqırlatmaq (“to burst (of the bang of a weapon and like)”).
- tâqıtmaq (“to scatter”).
- titrətmək (“to make tremble”).
- toğrıtmaq (“to raise up”).
- toqıtmaq (“to make beat”).
- uzâtmaq (“to stretch (out)”).
- yaratmaq (“to create”).
- yarutmaq (“to make proud”).
- yazâtmaq (“to spread (out)”).
- turıtmaq (“to make the water clean”).
- yıdıtmaq (“to make stink, rot”).
- yittütmək (“to sharpen”).
- zingirlətmək (“to ding-dong (sound like a bell)”).
Potential[edit]
The potential usually uses the vowel found in the aorist (it depends of the verb) plus the verb bilmək. That vowel then should be pronounced as unrounded.
- Mən varıbilüm, kəlibilüm (“I can go, I can come”).
- Hər qırqııñda varıbilü̂ñ içgər (“You can go in through all forty of them”).
- Varıbilüm, varıbilü̂ñ, varıbilür (“I can go, you can go, he can go”)
- Varıbildüm, varıbildü̂ñ, varıbildi (“I could go, you could go, he could go”)
The potential usually occurs as impotential.
- Şayıbilməm, mən varıbilməyôrım, kəlibilməm, kəlibilməñ (“I can't do it, I can't go, I can't come, you can't come”).
- Tutabilmədüm (“I couldn't hold”).
- Tutabilmədi (“He couldn't hold”).
- Mən bôda ôlığa sən zindəgânlıq êtibilməñ (“If I'm here you can't live”).
- Körəbilməz (“He can't see”).
- Yêyəbilməgəm (“I won't be able to eat”).
- Hêç nə hâyıbilməz (“He can't say anything”).
- Salqayıbilməm (“I can't preserve it”).
- Hölə̂ribilmədi (“He couldn't kill”).
- Bulıbilmədilər (“They couldn't find”).
- Turıbilməyôrııñ (“You can't stand”).
- Yatıbilmədüm (“I couldn't sleep”).
- Turıbilməyôr (“He can't stand”).
- Tutabilməyôritım (“I couldn't hold”).
Impotential also makes use of the ancient Proto-Turkic *u-(ma-): -imə / -uma.
Negation[edit]
Negation is made by adding -mə(z) / -ma(z) for the aorist and most conjugations, and -mədük / -madıq for the perfect. The personal copular suffixes beginning in -A are used for the last one.
- Aorist:
- Bidüməm (“I don't grow up”).
- Bilməzər (“He/she/it doesn't know”).
- Kəlməm (“I don't come”).
- Kəlməñ (“You don't come”).
- Kəlməm (“I don't come”).
- Kəlməz(ər) (“He/she/it doesn't come”).
- Kəlməmüz (“We don't come”).
- Kəlməñüz (“You don't come”).
- Kəlməzlər (“They don't come”).
- Present:
- Bilməyôrııñ (“Yu don't know”).
- Bulınmayôr (“He/she/it's not (being) found”).
- Kəlməyôrım (“I'm not coming”).
- Kəlməyôr(ı) (“He/she/it's not coming”).
- Hatmayôr (“He/she/it's not throwing”).
- Hişəməyôrım (“I don't want”).
- Varmayôrım (“I'm not going”).
- Varmayôr (“He/she/it's not going”).
- Yaqınmayôr (“It's not ignating”).
- Past:
- Perfect:
- Plusquamperfect:
- Aorist past
While some positive conjugations use the imperative suffix (for example in the past tense and the imperative itself), the negative conjugation deletes it.
Verbal nouns[edit]
-gü / -ğı[edit]
The suffix -gü / -ğı is often used to form words and may then be more of a deverbal noun.
Otherwise, this suffix only occurs in conjunction with "(tâ) -çə / -ça tâ" and has so far only been found in Xarrâbî dialect; it almost seems like a verbal adverb.
- Tâ bâbâ nənə xabar ôlğıça tâ, oğul hölər (“Until father and mother become aware of it, the son dies”).
- Tâ ôra êrgüçə tâ, çâstda sôñ ôlmış-artı (“By the time one got there, it was afternoon (later)”).
- Bô hüzüm u hunduvânalarda todğıça tâ yêpigəm (“I want to eat these grapes and melons until I get full”).
- Kəlgüçə tâ (“Until coming”).
- (Tâ) ô kəlgüçə tâ, bôda tulâr (“Until he comes, stay here”).
- Sən varğıça tâ, mən tə bôda turım (“Until you go, I'll stay here”).
- Varğıça tâ (“Until going”).
In addition, -gü / ğı appears as a curse or negative optative in 2nd and 3rd persons: gü / ğı + possessive suffix + ôlmata.
- Kəlgüñ ôlmata (“May you not come”, literally “May your coming not happen”).
- Kəlgüsi ôlmata (“May he/she/it not come”).
- Kəlgüñüz ôlmata (“May you not come”).
- Kəlgüləri ôlmata (“May they not come”).
- Varğıñ ôlmata (“May you not go”).
- Varğısı ôlmata (“May he/she/it not go”).
- Varğıñüz ôlmata (“May you not go”).
- Yôrğıñ ôlmata (“May you not sit down”).
- Yôrğısı ôlmata (“May he/she/it not sit down”).
- Türgüñ ôlmata (“May you not get up”).
- Türgüləri ôlmata (“May they not get up”).
- İçgüñ ôlmata (“May you not drink”).
- İçgüñüz ôlmata (“May you not drink”).
- Yêgüñ ôlmata (“May you not eat”).
- Yâtğıları ôlmata (“May they not sleep”).
-mə / -ma[edit]
This suffix appears in 4 forms:
- Ô külmələ kəldi êşükdə (“He came out the door laughing”).
- Ô hığlamala bizdə xudâhâfiz şadı (“He said goodbye to us crying”).
- Sən hığlamala bizüm yânımızdə vardııñ (“You left us crying”).
- Sən külmələ məñə hâydııñ (“You spoke to me laughing”).
- Sən külmələ ki bô həvdə kəldü̂ñ içgər (“You came into this house laughing”).
- Ô külmələ êşükdə kəldi içgər (“He came through the door laughing”).
- Ô hığlamələ məñə hâydı: dədəñ hölmüş (“He/she said to me crying: your father has died”).
- Külmələ kəldi (“He/she came laughing”).
- Hığlamala kəldi (“He/she came crying”).
- Varmaça qulâmlar buşqâb tôla təlâ ullarqa vêrür-ərtilər (“As they left, the servants used to hand them a plate full of gold”).
- Səîd dərs hoqımaça və hat ôynatmaça ərəki lâlalarııñda ilgər vurır (“Said surpasses his other brothers when it comes to teaching lessons and training horses”).
- Bô körümləşmələrçə (“While this visiting (of them)”).
- Mullâ bî kün vardı hôtunqa biyâbânça qazdı, kəlîməçə əşgə qâldı (“One day Mulla went outside to pick up firewood, and his donkey got left behind when he brought it”).
- -mədə / -mada sôñ(ra) and -mədə / -mada ilgər as another verbal adverbs (similar to Turkish -dikten sonra and -meden önce, respectively).
- Kidəyü həviñə kəlîmədə sö̂ñrə (“After bringing the bridegroom into his house”).
- Ullar kəlməsîñdə ilgər (“Before they come”).
- Dêv kəzmədə sôñ, kəlür (“After the demon wanders around, he comes”).
- Bə̂d əz ziyâd çalmada sôñ (“After playing a lot of music”).
- Bô ki közîñ vâmış, ullar kü̂öşümədə sôñ, kərək yovarğa bilələrîñ bulığa (“If he has his eyes blindfolded, then after they have hidden, he has to go and look for them”).
- Alone, with possessive suffixes. For indefinite or universal context, it doesn't take the possessive.
- Mənüm hığlamam kəlməyôr (“I can't cry”, literally “My crying isn't coming”).
- Sîdməsi əvəziñə, sıçmış (“Instead of peeing, he has shitted”).
- Hü̂nər-ərti kəzməsi (“He used to go out on his hike”).
- Kördi şâhqıızı yirəkdə qasdı tirriglük êtmərü (“He saw (that) the princess's intention from the heart is to live”).
- Körər bî həvdə çaldı ôynama səsi kəliyôr (“He perceives (that) the sound of music and dancing [lit. “dance while playing music”] comes from one house”).
- Qənâtlarımız arıtma hişəyür (“Our channels need cleaning”).
- Hər küm ôynama bələdərü ôynayır (“Anyone who knows how to dance [lit. “Anyone who is skilled at dancing”] dances”).
- Hâyması ta bô cûrdarı (“The way he speaks is like that”, literally “His speaking is like that”).
- Bö̂rü körməsi (“What the wolf saw”, literally “The vision of the wolf”).
-mək / -maq[edit]
This suffix is very similar to the former, but one difference between them is that -mə / -ma can be used adverbially and -mək / -maq usually not. Instead, -mək / -maq may occur next to "to begin" and in the sense of "to must do something". In general both suffixes are very similar to each other.
- Əgər Xudâ yôlıña pûl vêrmək bô cûrda ôlır (“If giving money in God's way happens like that”).
- Ô hığlamaqla məñə hâydı (“He spoke to me while crying”).
- Bô sənü̂ñ hâymaqııñ durust dâğ (“What you say is not true”).
- Sizi hâymaq havul dâğ-artı (“Your speaking was not good”).
- Körmək ki ôlır eşitməkvâra? (“When will seeing be like hearing?”).
- Bullar məşğûl ullar noğl yêməkkə (“They are busy eating sweets”).
It occurs with ablative when it comes sôñ / sôñra.
-üm / -ım[edit]
This verbal noun suffix is very close to a deverbal noun, since it appears quite rare.
- Bîrbîrü̂ñ körümiñə varımız (“We go visit each other”)
- Yü̂z haçım (literally “Face opening”) (a wedding celebration).
- Bî suv içüm (“A moment, blink of an eye”, literally “A drinking of water”).
It occurs with ablative when it comes sôñ / sôñra.
-dük / -dıq[edit]
This suffix actually functions both as a verbal noun and as a participle (like Turkish -dik). As Turkish, it often takes possessive suffixes.
- Kəldüküm kün (“The day I came”).
- Kəldüküm künü (“On the day I came”).
- Kəldükü̂ñ kün (“The day you came”).
- Kəldükü̂ñ künü (“On the day you came”).
- Kəldüki kün (“The day he/she/it came”).
- Kəldüki künü (“On the day he/she/it came”).
- Kəldükümüz kün (“The day we came”).
- Kəldükümüz künü (“On the day we came”).
- Kəldüküñüz kün (“The day you came”).
- Kəldüküñüz künü (“On the day you came”).
- Kəldükləri kün (“The day they came”).
- Kəldükləri künü (“On the day they came”).
- Hü̂ndüküm hat (“The horse I mounted”).
- Hü̂ndükü̂ñ hat (“The horse you mounted”).
- Hü̂ndüki hat (“The horse he/she/it mounted”).
- Hü̂ndükümüz hat (“The horse we mounted”).
- Hü̂ndüküñüz hat (“The horse you mounted”).
- Hü̂ndükləri hat (“The horse they mounted”).
- Tikiş tikənü̂ñ tikdüki tôn (“The shirt that a sewing thorn has sewed”).
- Hikmək yapğılıñ yapdıqı hikmək (“The bread that the baker baked”).
- Əgər bô cûrdarı, yêdükü̂ñ hêç (“If it's this way, what you eat is nothing”).
With the locative suffix it means "when subject verb".
With the ablative suffix it means "when/after subject verb".
- Kəldükümdə bî sovğatlıq biləñə kəlütüm (“When I come, I'll bring you a gift”).
- Həvüñüzkə vardıqıñızda (“When you go into your house”).
- Çâyı içdükdə qaşuqı istikâm içiçə qôma (“When drinking tea don't put the spoon in the glass”).
- Bêş sâat şâmda vardıqda (“When five hours have passed from evening”).
Verbal adverbs[edit]
Many of the verbal nouns mentioned form a transition to the verbal adverb. Now things are strange with the Khalaj verbal adverbs. Overall it can be stated:
- The use of verbal adverbs (popular in Persian usage), is largely avoided (even if it were easily possible). Also there is often a simple ordering of verbal predicates instead of the use of verbal adverbs.
- Many ancient Turkic verbal adverbs only live on in a fosilized form.
- The use of the few remaining verbal adverbs is limited to certain cases.
I'll only focus on the remaining verbal adverbs. Examples of the other can be found in page 130 and 131 of Grammatik des Chaladsch.
-dü / -dı[edit]
References[edit]
- Doerfer, Gerhard (1988) Grammatik des Chaladsch [Grammar of Khalaj] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →ISBN, →OCLC
- Doerfer, Gerhard (1987) Lexik und Sprachgeographie des Chaladsch [Lexicon and Language Geography of Khalaj] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →ISBN
- Doerfer, Gerhard (1980) Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Charrab) [Khalaj dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó