乾

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See also: 亁, 干, and ☰
乾 U+4E7E, 乾
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E7E
← 乽
[U+4E7D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 乿 →
[U+4E7F]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

乾 (Kangxi radical 5, 乙+10, 11 strokes, cangjie input 十十人弓 (JJON), four-corner 48417, composition ⿰龺乞)

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 84, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 204
  • Dae Jaweon: page 172, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 56, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+4E7E

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 乾
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Small seal script

s10941

s10942

Transcribed ancient scripts

L32029

L32030

L32031

L32032

L07189

L07190

L07191

L07192

L07193

L07194

L07195

L07196

L07197

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (倝) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
乾 *kaːn, *ɡran
漧 *kaːn
倝 *kaːns
榦 *kaːns
韓 *ɡaːn
鶾 *ɡaːn
翰 *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns
瀚 *ɡaːns
螒 *ɡaːns
雗 *ɡaːns
斡 *qʷaːd

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːn, *ɡran) : phonetic 倝 (OC *kaːns) + semantic 乙.

Etymology 1[edit]

trad. 乾
simp. 干*
alternative forms 亁
乹

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kan (“to dry; to dry up”). Cognate with Burmese ခန်း (hkan:, “to dry up; to evaporate”).

The sense “lacking sweetness” is a semantic loan from French sec or English dry.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • koaⁿ/koa - vernacular;
  • kan - literary.
Note: guan1 - “dried-up food” (e.g. 餅乾).
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 乾 (乾旱)
Mandarin Beijing /kan⁵⁵/
Harbin /kan⁴⁴/
Tianjin /kan²¹/
Jinan /kã²¹³/
Qingdao /kã²¹³/
Zhengzhou /kan²⁴/
Xi'an /kã²¹/
Xining /kã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kan⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /kɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /kan⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kan⁵⁵/
Chengdu /kan⁵⁵/
Guiyang /kan⁵⁵/
Kunming /kã̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing /kaŋ³¹/
Hefei /kæ̃²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /kæ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /kɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /kæ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /kø⁵³/
Suzhou /kø⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /kẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /ky³³/
Hui Shexian /kɛ³¹/
Tunxi /kuə¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kan³³/
Xiangtan /kan³³/
Gan Nanchang /kɵn⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kon⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kon²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɔn⁵³/
Nanning /kɔn⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kɔn⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kan⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kaŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kuiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kaŋ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kaŋ²³/
Rime
Character 乾
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古寒切
Baxter kan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɑn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kɑn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kan/
Li
Rong 		/kɑn/
Wang
Li 		/kɑn/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gon1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 乾
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gān
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kan ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]ˁar/
English dry

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 乾
Reading # 1/2
No. 3698
Phonetic
component 		倝
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		干
Old
Chinese 		/*kaːn/

Definitions[edit]

乾

  1. dry; moistureless; waterless; arid
    我喉嚨很乾。／我喉咙很干。  ―  Wǒ hóulóng hěn gān.  ―  My throat feels dry.
  2. to dry; to exhaust
  3. † to neglect; to snub
  4. (colloquial) to drain one's glass; bottoms up
  5. dried up; exhausted; drained
  6. (of voice) dry and coarse
  7. dried-up food
  8. adopted; adoptive; foster
  9. in vain; for nothing
  10. falsely; superficially
  11. not sweet; lacking sweetness
Synonyms[edit]
  • (dry):
Dialectal synonyms of 乾 (“dry”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 乾
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 乾
Mandarin Beijing 乾
Taiwan 乾
Yantai (Muping) 乾
Jinan 乾
Wanrong 乾
Xi'an 乾
Wuhan 乾, 乾燥, 乾迸
Chengdu 乾
Guiyang 乾
Guilin 乾
Yangzhou 乾
Nanjing 乾
Hefei 乾
Malaysia 乾
Singapore 乾
Cantonese Guangzhou 乾
Hong Kong 乾
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 燥
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 燥
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 燥
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 乾
Macau 乾
Guangzhou (Panyu) 乾
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 乾
Guangzhou (Conghua) 乾
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 乾
Foshan 乾
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 乾
Foshan (Shunde) 乾
Foshan (Sanshui) 乾
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 乾
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 乾
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 乾
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 乾
Zhuhai (Doumen) 乾
Jiangmen (Baisha) 乾
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 乾
Taishan 乾
Kaiping (Chikan) 乾
Enping (Niujiang) 乾
Heshan (Yayao) 乾
Dongguan 乾, 燥
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 乾
Yangjiang 燥
Singapore (Guangfu) 乾
Gan Nanchang 乾
Hakka Meixian 乾, 燥
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 乾
Dongguan (Qingxi) 燥
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 燥
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 燥
Conghua (Lütian) 燥
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 燥
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 燥
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 燥
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 燥
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 燥
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 燥
Hong Kong 燥
Huizhou Jixi 乾
Jin Taiyuan 乾
Northern Min Jian'ou 焦
Eastern Min Fuzhou 焦, 乾
Southern Min Xiamen 焦
Quanzhou 焦
Zhangzhou 焦
Dongshan 焦
Tainan 焦
Penang (Hokkien) 焦
Singapore (Hokkien) 焦
Manila (Hokkien) 焦
Chaozhou 焦
Raoping 焦
Shantou 焦
Singapore (Teochew) 焦
Wenchang 乾
Qionghai 乾
Singapore (Hainanese) 乾, 焦
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 乾
Wu Shanghai 乾
Shanghai (Chongming) 乾
Suzhou 乾, 燥
Danyang 乾
Wenzhou 燥
Xiang Changsha 乾
Shuangfeng 乾, 燥
Antonyms[edit]
  • (antonym(s) of "dry"): 濕／湿 (shī)

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

simp. and trad.
 乾
alternative forms 乹

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-ka-n (“heaven; sky; sun”). Cognate with Tibetan མཁའ (mkha'), ནམ་མཁའ (nam mkha', “sky; heaven”) and Namuyi nɛ⁵⁵ ŋkhɛ³³ mu³³ (“sky”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • kiang5 - Shantou;
  • kiêng5 - Chaozhou.
Rime
Character 乾
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 仙 (79)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 渠焉切
Baxter gjen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɡˠiᴇn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɡᵚiɛn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɡiæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/gian/
Li
Rong 		/ɡjɛn/
Wang
Li 		/ɡĭɛn/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/gi̯ɛn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		qián
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		kin4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 乾
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		qián
Middle
Chinese 		‹ gjen ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ](r)ar/
English heaven; heavenly

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 乾
Reading # 2/2
No. 3709
Phonetic
component 		倝
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		乾
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡran/

Definitions[edit]

乾

  1. first of the eight trigrams (bagua) used in Taoist cosmology, represented by the symbol ☰
  2. first hexagram of the I Ching, represented by the symbol ䷀
  3. † (figurative) sky; heaven
    乾道  ―  qiándào  ―  ways of heaven; natural law
  4. † (figurative) emperor; monarch
  5. † (figurative) sun
  6. † (figurative) northwest
  7. † (figurative) man; male
  8. a surname

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

simp. and trad.
 乾

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: vernacular.
Note: vernacular.
Note:
  • vernacular;
  • na - only used in 干焦.
Note: vernacular.

Definitions[edit]

乾

  1. (Min) Alternative form of 焦 (“dry”)

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

乾

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. northwest
  2. dehydrate
  3. arid
  4. drought
  5. imbibe
  6. paradise
  7. the emperor

Readings[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms

Etymology 1[edit]

From 戌(いぬ) (inu, “10 o'clock direction”) + 亥(い) (i, “11 o'clock direction”).

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 乾／干 (“northwest”, Etymology 2).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

乾(いぬい) • (inui) ←いぬゐ (inwi)?

  1. (obsolete) northwest

Proper noun[edit]

乾(いぬい) • (Inui) ←いぬゐ (inwi)?

  1. a surname

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
乾
かん
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 乾 (MC kan).

Pronunciation[edit]

Affix[edit]

乾(かん) • (kan) 

  1. dry
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
乾
けん
Grade: S
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 乾 (MC gjen).

Pronunciation[edit]

Affix[edit]

乾(けん) • (ken) 

  1. the sky
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle Chinese 乾 (MC gjen, “sky”).

Historical readings

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

乾 (eumhun 하늘 건 (haneul geon))

  1. Hanja form? of 건 (“sky”).
    Synonym: 天 (천 (cheon))
    Antonym: 地 (지 (ji)): earth
  2. Hanja form? of 건 (“☷ or the first of the eight trigrams (bagua) (☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷ or 팔괘 (八卦, palgwae, “Bagua”))”).
    Antonym: 坤 (곤 (gon))
  3. Hanja form? of 건 (“king”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 2[edit]

From a corrupted or unorthodox reading. The original reading is 간 (gan) based on Middle Chinese 乾 (MC kan, “dry”).

Historical readings

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

乾 (eumhun 마를 건 (mareul geon))

  1. (prefix) Hanja form? of 건 (“dry”).
    Antonym: 濕 (습 (seup)): wet
  2. Hanja form? of 건 (“moistureless; waterless; arid”).
  3. Hanja form? of 건 (“in vain; for nothing; superficially”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

See also[edit]

    7+0=111+000 (U+2630)* ☰ 乾 天 sky
    6+1=110+001 (U+2631) ☱ 兌 澤 marsh
    5+2=101+010 (U+2632) ☲ 離 火 fire
    4+3=100+011 (U+2633) ☳ 震 雷 thunder
    3+4=011+100 (U+2634) ☴ 巽 風 wind
    2+5=010+101 (U+2635) ☵ 坎 水 water
    1+6=001+110 (U+2636) ☶ 艮 山 mountain
    0+7=000+111 (U+2637) ☷ 坤 地 earth

    Usage notes[edit]

    [*] Decimal pair = Binary pair (Codepoint). (The solid bar "—" of the Trigrams may be assigned to the binary number "1", while the split bar "--" to "0".)

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

乾: Hán Nôm readings: kiền, cạn, can, càn, khan, gàn

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References[edit]

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